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Consciousness, EEG, Sleep and Emotions
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Two nuclei, the locus coeruleus and the raphe nucleus, are central to the sleep–wake–sleep cycle. These nuclei, either directly or with giant reticular neurons (which have large fields of activity throughout the brain), have dendrites that terminate close to the cortical cells. The raphe nucleus secretes serotonin which is essential for slow-wave (non-REM) sleep. Non-REM sleep precedes REM sleep. REM sleep is then induced by noradrenaline secreted by the locus coeruleus.
Central Regulation of Brainstem Gastric Vago-Vagal Control Circuits
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
The physiological significance of the nRO input to the DVC is not known at this time. It is interesting to note, however, that the raphe nuclei, in general, appear to be involved in the transition between sleep and wakefulness.42 Such changes in arousal are highly correlated with gross changes in gastrointestinal motility.52,54 Thus, it is possible that the raphe nuclei control the transitions from sleep and waking as well as the associated changes in gastrointestinal function appropriate to the arousal state. The understanding of this mechanism may be significant to elucidating the causes of the arousal related onset of irritable bowel syndrome.52,54
Neuropsychiatry
Published in Jeremy Playfer, John Hindle, Andrew Lees, Parkinson's Disease in the Older Patient, 2018
Patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) present with subjective complaints of forgetfulness and loss of concentration. PSP patients show symptoms compatible with lesioned orbitofrontal and medial frontal circuits.168 Apathy, social withdrawal and loss of independence are associated with dysexecutive syndrome, with marked planning difficulties, reflecting extensive involvement of subcorticofrontal circuits.169 Relative sparing of the raphé nucleus and locus caeruleus may reduce the occurrence of depression compared with PD. Emotional lability is common, but psychosis is rare in PSP. Quality of life in PSP may be related to depression associated with cognitive decline.170 Subcorticofrontal dementia leads to a delay in initiation of thoughts, perseveration, reduced verbal fluency and dissociation between normal storage and impaired retrieval of information. Patients with PSP are more reliant on external environmental stimuli for behaviour (environmental dependence), which may be due to a lack of frontal control. Patients need to be given adequate time to respond to questions, and may respond to cueing to improve memory.
Correlations with REM sleep behavior disorder severity in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorders patients
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Sang Jin Kim, Eun Ju Chung, Ki-Hwan Ji, Mi-Ri Kang, Jin Yong Hong, Sunseong Lee, Ji Sun Park, Jungsu S. Oh, Jae Seung Kim, Suk Yun Kang
The correlation between pain and visuospatial dysfunction with RBD severity may be associated with RBD pathophysiology. This pathophysiology is currently poorly understood, but RBD is thought to be associated with several nuclei in the pontomedullary brainstem that include the locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus/sublateral dorsal nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, the PPN, and medullary magnocellular reticular formation [8]. These nuclei play a role in pain modulation, visuospatial attention, and cognition including visuospatial function and memory [24–26]. The locus coeruleus is a norepinephrine-producing nucleus in the dorsal pons, and projects to the brain widely and is involved in homeostasis, sensory processing, and cognitive and motor function [24,26]. The raphe nuclei are serotonin-producing nuclei in the midline from the medulla to the midbrain and are also involved in sensory processing that includes pain, heat, touch [27], and visual orientation [28]. One recent study reported increased thermal detection threshold in iRBD patients, and they assumed that peripheral small nerve fibers might be associated because they did not find a difference in laser evoked potentials and conditioned pain modulation between iRBD patients and controls. However, more studies are needed, because they did not perform skin biopsies to check nerve pathology and did not assess the presence and severity of pain in iRBD patients [29]. Besides, there was no PSG data to determine RBD severity in that study.
Pindolol potentiates the antidepressant effect of venlafaxine by inhibiting 5-HT1A receptor in DRN neurons of mice
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Serotonin (5-HT) has major roles in the regulation of mood, appetite, sleep and memory in CNS [1]. Decreases in the level of 5-HT, which is synthesized by the serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei, results in some psychiatric conditions like major depression (MD). Especially, the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) among the raphe nuclei sends serotonergic projections to limbic system and regulate mood. Clarification of synthesis, oscillation and reuptake processes of 5-HT in the DRN has importance to find better and more effective cures of mood disorders. MD is one of the most common psychiatric disorders [2]. It ranks second in the life-long burden of disease in developed countries and is expected to rank first by 2030 [3]. MD is mainly caused by decreased level of 5-HT in neurosynaptic junction between serotonergic raphe nuclei neurons and postsynaptic neurons in brain [4]. Increases in the number of presynaptic somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the raphe nuclei as well as decreases in the number of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors augment the risk of MD [5].
Updated review on the link between cortical spreading depression and headache disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Doga Vuralli, Hulya Karatas, Muge Yemisci, Hayrunnisa Bolay
There is a complex and poorly understood relationship between sleep hygiene changes and migraine. Migraineurs report deprived sleep as a precipitating factor of an attack. Sleep disturbances also have an important role in the development and persistence of chronic migraine [85]. Serotonin (5-HT), which affects many human behaviors including sleep, mood, appetite, sexual function, and pain, may have a key role in triggering migraine. From sleep perspective, serotonin promotes wakefulness and inhibits rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and clinical studies showed that migraine patients have low serotonin levels interictally and increased levels during an attack [86]. Migraineurs having attacks associated with unhygienic sleep experience increased awakenings in the night preceding headache [87]. It is not known how increased 5-HT levels are involved in the trigeminovascular nociceptive pathway. However, rats with low 5-HT levels have increased numbers of CSD waves [86]. The dorsal raphe nucleus in the pons and midbrain produces 5-HT. The dorsal raphe nucleus has a crucial role in sleep and the cessation of the serotonergic neuron firing initiates REM [88]. Migraine patients may also have subcortical serotoninergic system dysfunction resulting in unhygienic sleep [89].