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Distribution and Characteristics of Brain Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
As depicted in Table 3.3, the periventricular zone contains four of the most important nuclei for neuroendocrine regulation: periventricular, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and arcuate. The periventricular nucleus is a cluster of small neurons, located at the wall of the third ventricle, which extend from the rostral through the caudal zones. Neurons in the rostral area produce somatostatin and thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), while those in the intermediate area also produce leptin, gastrin, and neuropeptide Y. In humans and primates (but not in rodents), the periventricular neurons in the intermediate zone also produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The caudal region of the periventricular nucleus is primarily associated with sympathetic nervous system regulation. Given its proximity to the third ventricle, the periventricular nucleus does not have an effective BBB, enabling its exposure to feedback regulation by peripheral hormones, as discussed in Chapter 4.
The Central Connections of Area Postrema Define the Paraventricular System Involved in Antinoxious Behaviors
Published in John Kucharczyk, David J. Stewart, Alan D. Miller, Nausea and Vomiting: Recent Research and Clinical Advances, 2017
Given that the paraventricular system participates in nausea, vomiting, and conditioned taste aversion, it might be anticipated that abnormalities in its component nuclei would affect eating and drinking. Feeding and drinking have been altered by stimulation or destruction of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis;77 the amygdala, particularly its central and medial nuclei;78 the paraventricular,79 ventromedial,80 and dorsomedial81 nuclei of the hypothalamus; the periventricular nucleus of thalamus; and the periaqueductal gray matter82 and nucleus tractus solitarius.83 Low intensity stimulation of the hypothalamus inhibited milk drinking in cats.84 Hyperphagia resulted from lesions coinciding with the pathway from the paraventricular nucleus.82 The zona incerta has been implicated in feeding and drinking.85 Lesions of area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius resulted in lowered body weight,86 an initial hypophagia and hypodipsia, leading to an enhanced responsiveness to palatable food87 or a disinterest in food.65 Water intake was increased after chronic lesions of area postrema.87
Reduced astrocytic expression of GFAP in the offspring of female rats that received hypercaloric diet
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
Jéssica Molina, Andréia Joaquim, Leoni Vilano Bonamin, Maria de Fátima Monteiro Martins, Thiago Berti Kirsten, Carolina Vieira Cardoso, Maria Martha Bernardi, Eduardo Fernandes Bondan
In the periventricular nucleus (Fig. 5E), the diet (F1,92 = 136,85, P < 0.0001) and the treatment (F1,92 = 279.27, P < 0.0001) affected the results; an interaction was also observed between the factors (F1,92 = 62.23, P < 0.0001). The Bonferroni’s test showed that GFAP expression of the F1HDLPS group decreased relative to F1NDLPS (P < 0.001) and also in the F1HDS group compared to F1NDS (P < 0.05).
Effects of dihydrotestosterone administration on the expression of reproductive and body weight regulatory factors in ovariectomized and estradiol-treated female rats
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2018
Takeshi Iwasa, Toshiya Matsuzaki, Kiyohito Yano, Yiliyasi Mayila, Minoru Irahara
Whole hypothalamic explants were dissected from the frozen brains, as described previously [15]. Briefly, the target region of the brain was dissected out via an anterior coronal cut at the posterior border of the mammillary bodies, parasagittal cuts along the hypothalamic fissures, and a dorsal cut 2.5 mm from the ventral surface. Subsequently, the obtained brain tissue was divided into two blocks using coronal cuts at the posterior border of the optic chiasm. The anterior hypothalamic block contained the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), and the posterior hypothalamic block contained the arcuate nucleus (ARC) [18]. Kisspeptin in the AVPV and ARC receives positive and negative feedback signals from estrogen, respectively [2]. Total RNA was isolated from the hypothalamic explants and visceral fat using a TRIzol® reagent kit (Invitrogen Co., Carlsbad, CA) and an RNeasy® mini kit (Qiagen Gmbh, Hilden, Germany). cDNA was synthesized with oligo (deoxythymidine) primers at 50 °C using the SuperScript III first-strand synthesis system for the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Invitrogen Co.). The PCR analysis was performed using the StepOnePlusTM real-time PCR system (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and FAST SYBR® green. The mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), prepro-orexin (pporexin), Kiss1 (the gene encoding kisspeptin), Kiss1r, RFRP/GnIH (the gene encoding the kisspeptin receptor), and GPR147 in the posterior hypothalamus, and the Kiss1 mRNA levels of the anterior hypothalamus were measured. The mRNA expression level of each molecule was normalized to that of GAPDH. Dissociation curve analysis was also performed for each gene at the end of the PCR. Each amplicon generated a single peak. The primer sequences, product sizes, and annealing temperatures are shown in Table 1. The PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturation and enzyme activation at 95 °C for 20 s, followed by 45 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 3 s, and annealing and extension for 30 s.
The neuro control of the ovarain cycle – a hypothesis
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2018
A second group of kisspeptide neurons in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V) corresponds to anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) in rodents, is devoid of neurokinin-B and dynorphin and mediates positive feedback from estrogen [21].