China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Andrographis paniculata (Creat or Green Chiretta) and Bacopa monnieri (Water Hyssop)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Pankaj Mundada, Swati Gurme, Suchita Jadhav, Devashree Patil, Nitin Gore, Sumaiya Shaikh, Abhinav Mali, Suraj Umdale, Mahendra Ahire
Vohora et al. (1997) isolated bacosine from aerial parts of Bacopa monnieri and found that it possesses analgesic effects. The effect was opioidergic in nature. It was also reported that bacosine didn't show any effect on barbiturate narcosis, haloperidol-induced catalepsy, or conditioned avoidance response. Siraj et al. (2012) investigated the analgesic effect of ethanol extract of B. monnieri. The extract yielded noteworthy writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice at the oral dose (250 and 500 mg/kg) compared to standard drug diclofenac sodium (25 mg/kg).
Central Stress-Limiting Systems and Cardioprotective Effects of their Mediators and Activators
Published in Felix Z. Meerson, Alexander V. Galkin, Adaptive Protection of The Heart: Protecting Against Stress and Ischemic Damage, 2019
Felix Z. Meerson, Alexander V. Galkin
The coupling between the opioidergic and the stress-effecting systems is well studied, and it is known that the opioidergic system can directly participate in the stress reaction as a regulator of sensitivity to pain and as a modulator of emotional, behavioral, and other components of the reaction. This is based on two groups of experimental data. First, during the stress reaction production and liberation of OPs is stimulated in various brain regions, and their blood level rises. This is accompanied with such defensive reactions as elevation of the pain threshold and analgesia,54 altered behavior,55 hyperthermia,56, etc., these reactions being prevented by opiate receptor blockers like naloxone or by opiate synthesis inhibitors. It must be mentioned that in electro- and acupuncture (which can be regarded as brief noninjurious stresses), the analgesia is also accompanied with OP elevation in the blood and in the cerebrospinal fluid, and inhibited with naloxone.57 Second, administration of OPs or their synthetic analogs produces a dose-dependent analgetic effect and other defensive reactions observed in stress.
Can Physical Activity Prevent or Treat Clinical Depression? 1
Published in Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner, The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
Nanette Mutrie, Katie Richards, Stephen Lawrie, Gillian Mead
Exercise also activates the opioid system, and this may account for the “runner’s high” phenomenon (Boecker et al. 2008). Much of the attention has focused on the opioid β-endorphin. Several studies have shown increased β-endorphin levels in blood plasma following high-intensity exercise (Farrell, Gates, Maksud, & Morgan 1982), and these increases correlate with mood improvements (Wildmann, Kruger, Schmole, Niemann, & Matthaei 1986). However, contradictory associations with depressive symptoms question its role in the therapeutic effect of exercise (Darko, Risch, Gillin, & Golshan 1992). As with monoamines, peripheral estimates of β-endorphin may not provide an accurate valuation of central opioidergic activity, but a recent neuroimaging study provided the first evidence that exercise increases the release of opioids in the human brain (Boecker et al. 2008).
A Complex Case of Kratom Dependence, Depression, and Chronic Pain in Opioid Use Disorder: Effects of Buprenorphine in Clinical Management
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2020
Opioid use and misuse continues to be a growing concern in the U.S. Many Americans are using Kratom because they perceive it to be a safer alternative to opioids. Kratom’s pharmacology is not clearly defined and future research is needed to better characterize its safety and efficacy. It has opioidergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic activity that may have implications on health that are not understood (Eduardo et al. 2015). Kratom is advertised as a safer alternative to opioids and is being used to manage chronic pain and opioid withdrawal when in fact this study along with others demonstrate that it carries the danger of addiction itself. Kratom remains legal at the federal level in the U.S., while it is illegal in some states (Eduardo et al. 2015). There are no FDA-approved uses for Kratom, and the FDA has received concerning reports about the safety of Kratom (Grundmann 2017). The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration has yet to officially schedule this drug, despite an initial plan to do so. As with any compound that has this type of pharmacokinetic profile, there is need for more regulation of Kratom products to improve safety. The public is mostly unaware of this and more education is needed to warn of potential dangers.
Landscape of pain in Parkinson’s disease: impact of gender differences
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Maria Angela Samis Zella, Caroline May, Thomas Müller, Maike Ahrens, Lars Tönges, Ralf Gold, Katrin Marcus, Dirk Woitalla
Previous works showed that NSAIDs and opioids are the most commonly used analgesics against pain in PD [32,34,36,38]. According to the work of Berg et al. [53], deficits in the central opioidergic pathways are involved in the pain physiopathology in PD; therefore, opioids could represent an important strategy of pain management. A recent phase 2 study of the PANDA study group investigated the analgesic effect of prolonged-release oxycodone–naloxone in patients with PD and chronic severe pain [54]. That work showed a not significant effect of prolonged-release oxycodone–naloxone in comparison to the placebo [54]. In spite of this, other assessments in the same study showed a positive effect on severe pain related to PD, though without providing confirmatory statistical results [54]. In this study, NSAIDs were the most frequently used medications, followed by opioids and COX-2 inhibitors. The frequent use of these drugs seems to be correlated with the major pain localisations, involving muscles and joints (and, in particular, spinal–paravertebral pain, articulations pain, and musculoskeletal pain). The use of opioids and non-opioid analgesic drugs aided in the relief of muscle pain in patients who did not respond to NSAIDs and COX-2 selective NSAIDs.
Current and emerging systemic treatments targeting the neural system for chronic pruritus
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Rachel Shireen Golpanian, Gil Yosipovitch
Butorphanol is a KOR agonist and MOR antagonist that is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in pain management and pre-anesthesia. In previous studies, intranasal butorphanol successfully treated pruritus secondary to opioidergic drugs such as morphine that was previously unresponsive to anti-histaminergic therapies [40–42]. This drug was also shown to decrease itch in a series of patients with intractable pruritus secondary to prurigo nodularis, primary biliary cirrhosis, mature aging pruritus, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and perforating collagenosis [43]. The benefits of this drug include easy, intranasal administration, rapid onset of action, and low abuse potential. Side effects include drowsiness, constipation and nausea.