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Neuropsychological Characteristics of Early Alzheimer Disease
Published in Robert E. Becker, Ezio Giacobini, Alzheimer Disease, 2020
Maura Mitrushina, Paula Altman Fuld
Another research paradigm purport to explore the role of semantic context utilizes semantic priming. Studies exploring the effect of semantic priming on efficiency of information processing suggested that priming with a semantically related context facilitates processing of the stimulus. Nebes and coworkers (Nebes, Martin, & Horn, 1984; Nebes, Brady, & Huff, 1989) used word-naming and lexical-decision tasks to examine effect of semantically-related context on the identification of the stimulus in normal elderly and AD subjects. The word-naming task requires the subject to name visually presented stimulus word, while a lexical-decision task requires the subject to determine whether a given string of letters constitutes an English word (Nebes, Brady & Huff, 1989). As was shown by Seidenberg, Waters, Sanders, & Langer (1984), priming effects in a word-naming task are due to the automatic spread of activation, while those in a lexical-decision task reflect attention-dependent processes, as well. Nebes and coworkers showed that in both studies (1984, 1989) AD patients revealed an equal or substantially larger priming effect (i.e. the difference in response time to a word precipitated by an unrelated vs. a semantically related word) on both tasks, in comparison to the normal controls. However, lexical access time was slower for the group of demented patients. The authors concluded that AD patients benefit from semantic context whether it is mediated by automatic or attention-dependent processes.
Laterality Effects for Higher Cognitive Processes
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
A recent electrographic study (Pulvermuller et al., 1995) gives some support to this interpretation. “Function words” and “content words” were used in a lexical decision task, during EEG recording, with the time of stimulus presentation being used for averaging the EEG signal. In the time window 150-180 msec after the stimulus, content words produced almost symmetrical negativity in the left and right hemispheres. On the other hand, function words (those whose primary role is in organizing extended strings of language), produced greater negativity in the left hemisphere than the right.
Development and Developmental Disorders
Published in Andrei I. Holodny, Functional Neuroimaging, 2019
Isolation of lexical phonology can be performed using the phonological lexical decision task (35). Instead of deciding which presented word is real and which is the pseudoword, two pseudowords are presented and the subject must decide which one would sound like a real word if spoken. For example, the subject might have to choose between the pseudowords “jope” and “joak” (33). Consistent activation was demonstrated in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke’s area), Broca’s area, and the left insula (33,35).
Uncoupled Brain and Behavior Changes in Lexical, Phonological, and Memory Processing in Struggling Readers
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2021
Whereas Hasko et al. (2014) used a phonological lexical decision task in their word-list study, a semantic categorization task (e.g., press a button if the item is an animal name) does not require a response to every item but does require deep processing of each item, invoking both lower-level (e.g., orthographic, phonological) and higher-level (e.g., semantic) processing. Thus, relative changes in the differential processing of words and not-words (i.e., lexicality effects) at both an early orthographic (N170) and later lexicosemantic (N400) level can be investigated, and potential neural tuning toward more efficient word processing over time can be compared with changes in behavioral measures of efficient word processing (e.g., accuracy and fluency) over the same period of time. Here, we paired standardized tests of both speeded (Torgesen, Wagner, & Rashotte, 2012) and unspeeded (Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2003) single word and nonword reading with an ERP semantic categorization paradigm including real words and letter strings (e.g., Coch, 2015; Coch & Meade, 2016) – such that the behavioral and electrophysiological tasks ostensibly required a similar complex of word and not-word reading skills – in order to explore brain-behavior links in the plasticity of lexical processing in struggling readers over time. We predicted that neural changes in the differential processing of words and letter strings (lexicality effects indexed by the N170 and N400) would correlate with behavioral changes in word and nonword reading skills.
Does the beauty premium effect always exist? — an ERP study of the facial attractiveness stereotype in public’s attitudes toward in-Service Chinese civil servant
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Bonai Fan, Hao Ding, Jia Jin, Menglin Zhao, Qingguo Ma
Similarly as IAT, the lexical decision task was also a paradigm used to reveal association between two stimuli through reaction time [13]. It measured the automatic activation of attitudes from memory [14]. For example, the photo stimulus tiger may automatically activate the negative attitudes. When encountering negative adjective (e.g. dangerous), the individual is able to indicate the connotation of the target adjective quickly, and choose negative adjective in a shorter time [15]. Therefore, reaction time could reveal the incongruity of stimuli. Thus, we assumed that reaction time could reveal male public’s attitudes toward female in-service civil servants in current study. We hypothesized that if the physically appearance and adjective are inconsistent, they will cause longer reaction time. If the physically appearance and adjective are consistent, they will cause shorter reaction time.
Prospective Memory Predictions in Aging: Increased Overconfidence in Older Adults
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2019
Stéphanie Cauvin, Christopher J.A. Moulin, Céline Souchay, Matthias Kliegel, Katharina M. Schnitzspahn
The paradigm conformed to the traditional Einstein and McDaniel (1990) laboratory assessment of PM, with the PM task being embedded in an ongoing task. Following previous studies (e.g., Cohen, Jaudas, & Gollwitzer, 2008), the ongoing task consisted of a lexical-decision task (LDT). 480 words from a normed set (Bonin et al., 2003) were used as verbal materials. The set comprises 866 French words in total and provides ratings on emotional valence and subjective frequency. On the basis of those ratings, we selected neutral words of medium frequency and similar length between one and two syllables. Non-words were constructed by randomly interchanging the letters of each word stimulus. This resulted in an equal number of valid French words (e.g., paume) and pronounceable non-words (e.g., maupe). At the beginning of each LDT trial, a fixation cross of variable duration (250–750 ms) was presented in the center of a black screen followed by a stimulus (i.e., either a word or non-word), which stayed on the screen until the participant responded. Instructions were given to press a “yes” key (i.e., j) with the right index finger if the presented letter string was a valid French word, otherwise a “no”‘ key (i.e., f) had to be pressed with the left index finger.