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Seizures
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Another type of seizure is the absence seizure, which is considered a generalized non-motor seizure. Absence seizures are seizures in which the person temporarily becomes unresponsive. Typically, an absence seizure doesn't have many obvious signs—it may just seem like the person is daydreaming for a few seconds, or is not paying attention. Absence seizures may occur hundreds of times per day in some people, or perhaps only a few times a day in others, and a typical absence seizure lasts ten seconds or less (Foldvary-Schaefer & Wyllie, 2003).
Epilepsy
Published in Ibrahim Natalwala, Ammar Natalwala, E Glucksman, MCQs in Neurology and Neurosurgery for Medical Students, 2022
Ibrahim Natalwala, Ammar Natalwala, E Glucksman
vi - Ethosuximide. The typical EEG finding is that seen in patients suffering absence seizures. The first-line treatment is usually ethosuximide. Sodium valproate can be considered if there is a high risk of generalised tonic-clonic seizures as well as absence seizures.
When to Treat Seizures
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
The number of people who experience a single seizure is unknown. Some estimates of the proportion of individuals who will experience a single generalized convulsive seizure may be made based upon studies of the incidence of seizure disorders (2,4), but it seems impossible to estimate the proportion of individuals who may experience a single simple or complex partial seizure. Was that transient dysesthesia in an appropriate peripheral nerve distribution to be explained by nerve compression? Was that déjà vu a “normal” perception? Is it possible to have a single absence seizure? If so could it be recognized? It seems quite plausible that a substantial number of individuals could have a single convulsive episode which would go unrecognized. To recognize the first seizure, the symptoms must be dramatic (i.e., a generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), prolonged (i.e., partial status epilepticus), or both.
The effect of quercetin on absence epilepsy in WAG/Rij rats
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Nildem Kızılaslan, Duygu Aydın, Orhan Sumbul, Reyhan Koroglu, Hatice Aygun
Absence epilepsy is usually observed in children and accounts for approximately 8–15% of all pediatric epilepsies [1] [2]. Typical absence seizures start and end abruptly, and could be experienced a hundred times a day. Available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) reduce seizures in only two-thirds of the patients with absence epilepsy while one-third of the cases are pharmaco-resistant [1,3–5]. In addition, psychiatric comorbidities and neurocognitive disorders are observed in more than 50% of absence epilepsy cases [1,4,6]. It is known that genetic predisposition plays an important role in the emergence of absence seizures. However, recently a review indicated that environmental factors such as early-life stress, neonatal maternal separation, prenatal drug exposure, maternal care, neonatal handling, neonatal sensory impairments, environmental enrichment, neonatal tactile stimulation and maternal diet can promote absence seizures [7]. Recently, a study indicated that ghrelin (neuropeptide hormone) significantly lower in children with generalized epilepsies [8]. When studies are evaluated, diet may play an important role in the occurrence of absence seizures.
THE effect of general anesthetics on genetic absence epilepsy in WAG/Rij rats
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Lubna Al-Gailani, Ali Al-Kaleel, Gökhan Arslan, Mustafa Ayyıldız, Erdal Ağar
Absence seizures are a non-convulsive form of epilepsy characterized by a sudden, brief impairment of consciousness. Typical absences are associated with bilateral, synchronous, and regular three-spike-wave discharges (SWDs) per second that start and end abruptly on the electroencephalogram (EEG) [12]. WAG/Rij (Wistar Albino Glaxo from Rijswijk) rats are a non-convulsive kind of epilepsy-positive inbred type of genetically absent rats. Spontaneous general spike-wave discharges in the EEG are present in all the strain rats. Therefore, the WAG/Rij rats can be regarded as a genetic animal model for human absence epilepsy, including absence epilepsy of childhood [13]. Although in 2–3 months, old WAG/Rij rats, the first EEG signs of the absence epilepsy occurs, the number and length of SWD will increase later with age. Almost all WAG/Rij rats show SWD in the ECoG by the age of 6 months [14].
A reappraisal of atypical absence seizures in children and adults: therapeutic implications
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Francesco Brigo, Pasquale Striano, Vicenzo Belcastro
The term ‘epileptic absence’ was introduced by Calmeil (1824), and shortly thereafter Esquirol (1838) coined the term ‘petit mal’, to describe what is now known as ‘typical absence seizures’ [6]. Absence seizures were listed among generalized seizures in the International seizure classification, based on clinical and EEG (ictal and inter-ictal) manifestations – typical absence seizures of idiopathic-generalized epilepsies were distinguished from atypical absence seizures occurring in symptomatic-generalized epilepsies [51]. This classification remained valid until 2017, when it was substituted by a new ‘operational’ classification of seizure types. In its expanded version, atypical absence seizures were classified among generalized-onset nonmotor seizures [1]. According to this classification, an atypical absence is defined by ‘slow onset or termination or significant changes in tone supported by atypical, slow, generalized spike and wave on the EEG’. They are distinct from typical absences in that onset and termination is slow, impairment of consciousness is mild, and they are often associated with significant tone disturbances. The ictal EEG shows diffuse spike waves that are slower than the typical absence, usually between 1.5 and 2.5 Hz.