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A Comparison of the Effect of the Menstrual Cycle and the Social Week on Mood, Sexual Interest, and Self-Assessed Performance
Published in Diana L. Taylor, Nancy F. Woods, Menstruation, Health, and Illness, 2019
The inclusion of the entirely socially constructed variable social cycle allows a comparison to be made between the impact of a woman’s menstrual cycle with the impact of the social context. This comparison provides a perspective on how “disabling” the menstrual cycle is compared with the “disabling” effect (to which both women and men are subject) of it being a weekday rather than a weekend. If the menstrual cycle pattern is the same, regardless of whether it was a weekday or weekend, then the social cycle would appear to be less consequential in influencing women compared with the impact of the menstrual cycle. If on the other hand, the social and menstrual cycles interact or if the social cycle (weekend effect) was equally as strong an influence on women’s mood as was the menstrual cycle, then the dominant belief that the menstrual cycle is a major influence on women would be difficult to sustain.
Summary
Published in Alan Bleakley, Thinking with Metaphors in Medicine, 2017
At the time of writing, English junior doctors are in dispute with the UK government over a new contract that demands a ‘seven-day NHS’, based on a misreading by the government of research supposedly showing a ‘weekend effect’ (another interesting metaphor), whereby more patients die at the weekends than on weekdays. The government claims that there is inadequate medical cover on weekends. Closer analysis shows that the ‘weekend effect’ is not a consistent phenomenon and that patients admitted at weekends tend to be sicker (Boseley 2016). Junior doctors, who already work weekend shifts, say that this project cannot be achieved with the current level of resourcing (not just in medicine but across health and social care as a network). More consultants, nurses and support staff would need to be called in to meet the government’s demands. The medical and nursing workforce employs the human metaphors of ‘stretched’ resources at ‘breaking point’, while the government employs managerial metaphors of ‘rationalization’ of resources and better ‘strategic planning’.
Time-Invariant Predictors in Longitudinal Models
Published in Lesa Hoffman, Longitudinal Analysis, 2015
In the model for the means, however, we can examine mean differences across time for two different metrics of time (but in which each person will contribute up to 5 days towards the overall mean trajectory spanning 14 possible days). First, reported physical symptoms might vary by day of study (i.e., reactivity effects such that fewer symptoms are reported at later occasions). In fitting a saturated means model for day of study 1 to 14, although no significant omnibus mean differences across days was found, F(13, 416) = 0.62, p = .839, there did appear to be somewhat of a decrease in the mean number of symptoms reported as the study progressed. However, a fixed linear effect of day of study did not contribute significantly to the model, as indicated by a Wald test p = .369, nor were there significant individual differences in the linear effect of day of study (i.e., no significant random linear effect of day of study), −2ΔLL(~2) = 2.00, p = .371. Thus, no fixed or random effects related to day of study were retained. Second, reported physical symptoms might vary systematically by day of the week. In fitting a saturated means model, though, no significant omnibus mean differences across day of the week were found, F(6, 418) = 0.11, p = .995. Furthermore, there was no significant differences on average between weekdays and weekends, as indicated by a fixed effect Wald test p = .526, and a model with a random weekend effect resulted in a 0 estimate of its random slope variance. Thus, no fixed or random effects related to day of week were retained— these decisions with respect to omitting fixed effects of time will be reconsidered in the chapter appendix as well.
The weekend effect in neurosurgery: the Leeds general infirmary experience
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2022
Neeraj Kalra, Kaiwen Wang, Simon Thomson, Nick Phillips
The weekend effect seems to be condition and centre-specific. In the original article published by Bell and Redelmeier, no weekend effect was observed for intracerebral haemorrhages, myocardial infarctions or acute hip fractures.1 A study by National Scottish datasets from 2005 to 2013 showed the weekend effect for all patients with stroke,10 whereas a study of 130 hospitals in England from 2010 to 2012 did not show a weekend effect for a similar group of patients with stroke once adjusted for case mix.11 In large comprehensive Stroke centres in New Jersey, the weekend effect for patients with stroke was reported as resolved in 2007.12 It is therefore important to look for the weekend effect in each individual department and hospital organisation to evaluate their respective service standards.
Impact of the ‘weekend effect’ on hospital-acquired pneumonia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Ningqin Meng, Ziming Ye, Ying Liu, Chao Qin, Ying Su
However, the reasons for the weekend effect are still unclear and controversial. One reason may be that there are fewer experienced medical staff and limited medical resources on weekends [20]. It is well known that junior doctors account for a large proportion of weekend staffing and are responsible for most healthcare services in hospitals on weekends. In addition, the shortage of registered nurses reduces the quality of nursing care for stroke patients on weekends, leading to the increased mortality [21]. However, contrary to previous studies, a study found that the weekend effect was not due to the lack of medical specialists on weekends [22]. In another study, the weekend effect was attributed to patient-level differences on admission, but not uneven staffing and limited health services [23]. This reason was also supported by another study that found that patients admitted on weekends were sicker and may have a greater risk of death than those admitted on weekdays [24].
Circadian and seasonal variations in patients with acute STEMI: A retrospective, single PPCI center study
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Napohn Chongprasertpon, John Joseph Coughlan, Ciara Cahill, Thomas John Kiernan
Recent studies have described the “weekend effect”, higher 30-day mortality for patients admitted on the weekend compared with weekdays (Freemantle et al. 2012, 2015; Freemantle 2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that off-hour presentation of AMI has higher mortality (Sorita et al. 2014). Recent UK research has found that this increased weekend mortality (Noad et al. 2017) or off-hour mortality (Noman et al. 2012) is not present for STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).