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Reflections on the Relation Between Sex-Typed Behavior in Childhood and Sexual Orientation in Adulthood
Published in Robin M. Mathy, Jack Drescher, Childhood Gender Nonconformity and the Development of Adult Homosexuality, 2020
To date, the most comprehensive prospective study was conducted by Green (1987; see also Green, 2008, this volume). His study contained a sample of 66 behaviorally feminine boys and 56 behaviorally masculine boys assessed initially at a mean age of 7.1 years (range, 4-12). About two-thirds of the boys in each group were followed long enough so that their sexual orientation could be assessed in late adolescence (M = 18.9 years; range, 14-24). Data from a semistructured clinical interview were used to rate sexual orientation in fantasy and behavior on the Kinsey scale, where 0 = exclusive heterosexuality and 6 = exclusive homosexuality. Depending on the measure (fantasy or behavior), 75%-80% of the feminine boys were either bisexual or homosexual (Kinsey ratings of 2-6) at follow-up as compared with 0%-4% of the control boys. Green’s findings were similar to those of six other follow-up reports of boys who displayed marked cross-gender behavior (summarized in Zucker and Bradley, 1995).
Men’s Sexual Interest in Feminine Trans Individuals across Cultures
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2022
Lanna J. Petterson, Paul L. Vasey
The Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948) ranges from 0, which, for men, indicates exclusive gynephilia, to 6, which, for men, indicates exclusive androphilia. Western men who are sexually attracted to feminine trans individuals report Kinsey-scale scores that are on the gynephilic end of the scale but are, on average, higher than those who are only attracted to cisgender women (Hsu et al., 2016; Rosenthal et al., 2017). Specifically, the average Kinsey scores of men with sexual interest in feminine trans individuals falls around 1, indicating that they are mostly, but not exclusively, gynephilic. Thus, their sexual orientation identities and Kinsey scores both indicate that they tend to be more sexually attracted to cisgender women than cisgender men. However, some men with sexual interest in feminine trans individuals are shifted more toward a relatively bisexual pattern of attraction (e.g., Kinsey 2 or 3) in the sense that they also have a somewhat greater degree of sexual attraction to cisgender men than men who are not sexually interested in feminine trans individuals (Bockting et al., 2007; Coan et al., 2005; Operario et al., 2008; Rosenthal et al., 2017).
To What Extent are Prenatal Androgens Involved in the Development of Male Homosexuality in Humans?
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2022
To maintain internal consistency, most studies use subjects with exclusive or almost-exclusive sexual orientations. On the Kinsey scale, which rates sexual orientation on a scale of 0–6, this translates to the 0–1 ratings as heterosexual and the 5–6 ratings as homosexual. This leads to sexual orientation being treated as a dichotomy between gay and straight men, and by ignoring subjects with non-exclusive sexual orientations does not adequately represent the variation in sexual orientation observed in the population. As many of the variables tested are also continuous or ordinal, including the level of exposure to prenatal androgens and many physical and cognitive features, it would be wrong to only examine these for exclusively gay and straight men. Hence, more research should be carried out on individuals with non-exclusive sexual orientations, as well as other orientations such as asexuality, to more accurately determine how the interplay of different factors can lead to different degrees of sexual attraction to each gender.
Age of Sexual Debut among Young Gay-identified Sexual Minority Men: The P18 Cohort Study
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2021
Perry N. Halkitis, Caleb LoSchiavo, Richard J. Martino, Blas Martin De La Cruz, Christopher B. Stults, Kristen D. Krause
All sociodemographic characteristics were self-reported. For race/ethnicity, participants were asked to select all applicable categories, including White, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American, or other. Race/ethnicity was later recoded, such that those who selected multiple categories were coded as “mixed,” which was collapsed with the Asian, Native American, and other categories, though this combined variable was predominately Asian-identified participants. Perceived familial SES was measured by asking participants to identify the socioeconomic status of their families (Halkitis et al., 2014), which was later trichotomized into “lower,” “middle,” and “upper” class. Participants reported whether or not they were born in the United States, yielding a binary yes/no variable for nation of birth. Sexual orientation was assessed using the Kinsey scale, ranging from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual, with our analyses focusing only on those identifying as “predominately” or “exclusively” homosexual (Kinsey et al., 1948).