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Marine Algal Secondary Metabolites Are a Potential Pharmaceutical Resource for Human Society Developments
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Somasundaram Ambiga, Raja Suja Pandian, Lazarus Vijune Lawrence, Arjun Pandian, Ramu Arun Kumar, Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul
Marine bacteria produces many secondary metabolites which have been useful in the various sectors of pharmaceutical industries. Its pharmaceutical products shows high anti-inflammatory activities such as topsentins, manoalide and pseudopterosins and also anticancer activities such as bryostatins, discodermolide, and sarcodictyin. It also shows high antibiotic activities such as marinone. Probiotic bacteria like Bifidobacteria aand Lactobacilli produce the anticancer substances. That the compound from marine Halomonas sp. is cytotoxic hydroxyphenylpyrrole dicarboxylic acids, i.e., 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-phenylpyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (HPPD-1), 3,4-di-(4-hydroxy-phenyl) pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (HPPD-2) and the indole derivatives 3-(hydroxyacetyl)-indole, indole-3-carboxylic acid, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, and indole-3-acetic acid (Erba et al., 1999).
Special Issues in Patients with Comorbid Psychiatric and Chemical Dependency Disorders
Published in John Brick, Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
Mark C. Wallen, William J. Lorman
Substance-related disorders cause a variety of symptoms that are characteristic of other mental disorders. As these presentations are so frequently encountered in mental health, substance treatment, and primary care settings, a substance-related disorder must be considered in every differential diagnosis. These disorders are among the most frequently missed in clinical practice. In DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) the term “substance-related” refers to disorders associated with drugs of abuse, the side effects of medication, and toxin-induced states. There are two types of substance-related diagnoses: the substance use disorders, which describe a pattern of problematic substance use (substance dependence and substance abuse); and the substance-induced disorders, which describe behavioral syndromes that are caused by a direct effect of the substance on the central nervous system. The recognized list of substance-induced disorders includes delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorder, and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (flashbacks). These behavioral syndromes with their associated signs and symptoms are indistinguishable from primary psychiatric disorders.
Anxiety-related Symptoms following the Sporadic Use of Ecstasy – A Case Study
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2022
Tomislav Majić, Lasse Brandt, Christiane Montag
In patients suffering from persistent perceptual symptoms following the use of psychedelic substances like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or psilocybin, besides DDS, Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is an important differential diagnosis (Hermle, Ruchsow, and Täschner 2015). HPPD is defined by individual reexperiences of disturbing visuals after the cessation of the intake of hallucinogens, resembling phenomena that had previously been experienced when intoxicated with a hallucinogen (American Psychiatric Association 2013). HPPD includes a variety of different symptoms, and some authors have reported overlaps between DDS and HPPD (Litjens et al. 2014). For our patient as well, HPPD has been an important differential diagnosis, as HPPD might also be associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (Martinotti et al. 2018). However, in our patient, symptoms were not predominantly visual or perceptual in nature, but the patient showed affective symptoms and cognitive anomalies including repeated episodes of perception of time, misidentification of persons and obsessive thoughts, whereas perceptual symptoms were mostly restricted to DDS symptoms, beyond that not showing any typical characteristics of HPPD.
Hallucinogen persisting perceptual disorder: a scoping review covering frequency, risk factors, prevention, and treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Marcus A. Doyle, Susan Ling, Leanna M.W. Lui, Paul Fragnelli, Kayla M. Teopiz, Roger Ho, Joshua D. Di Vincenzo, Joshua D. Rosenblat, Emily S. Gillissie, Danica Nogo, Felicia Ceban, Muhammad Youshay Jawad, Roger S. McIntyre
Hallucinogens are a broad class of drugs with psychoactive properties, including but not limited to psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabinoids, ibogaine, ayahuasca, as well as dissociative drugs, such as ketamine [1–3]. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is defined as the repeated reexperience of hallucinations and other perceptual disturbances (i.e. misperceptions of halos or trails around objects, misperception of color, visual snows, misperceptions of movement, light intensification, and size distortions) from previous hallucinogen intoxications, persisting long after the effects of hallucinogens are expected to subside, with no alternate diagnosis better explaining the condition.
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: A literature review and three case reports
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2018
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Maria Vinnikova, Anna Nenastieva, Vladislav Alekseyuk
With the increase in hallucinogens consumption rates, the number of patients seeking treatment for long-term changes in perception, illusions, hallucinations, synesthesia, depersonalization, and derealization after the substance had already been eliminated from the body, increased. This persistent psychopathological condition, which develops after the use of drugs with hallucinogenic effects, is called hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD).