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Critical Organs, Critical Concentrations, and Whole Body Dose-Response Relationships
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
By combining the data from epidemiological studies and kinetic model calculations, some estimates of “safe” levels of exposure using different “maximum acceptable risks” can be made. If, e.g., a 1% response rate for tubular proteinuria is considered acceptable, our calculations show that this occurs at about half the dose of the 5% response rate, which is the lowest level at which empirical data are available (Tables 1 and 3). An average cadmium intake via food of 55 μg Cd per day could lead to a 1% response rate if the most sensitive effect parameter is used (Table 1). This is very close to the WHO/FAO provisional tolerable weekly intake of 400 to 500 μg Cd per week32 or 60 to 70 μg Cd per day. It should be pointed out that the WHO/FAO value refers to the maximum intake for individuals, and thus, in order to stick to the WHO/FAO recommendations, the maximum average intake in a population has to be set at a much lower level.
Ochratoxins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Josué Delgado, Miguel A. Asensio, Félix Núñez
Humans and animals are mainly exposed to OTA and to a much lesser extent to OTB and OTC.8 The average weekly intake of OTA in the high incidence area in Bulgaria varies from 1.86 to 92.7 ng/kg body weight.34 The most exposed population to OTA is children,35 but maximum estimates are usually below the Tolerable Weekly Intake of 120 ng/kg body weight/week set by the European Food Safety Authority36 and 100 ng/kg body weight/week established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants.37
Facts about Standardization of Herbal Medicines
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Vandana Garg, Ghazala Zia, Mahima Chauhan, Rohit Dutt
Pathogenic microorganisms such as Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Clostridium, Shigella, Pseudomonas, and Streptococcus should be not present in the drug sample. It has been observed that herbal products particularly contain high starch content, are more easily prone to microbial growth. Factors responsible for the increased growth of microbes are the negligence occurs during growth stages like harvesting, processing, and in the storehouse. Plant material contains a marked amount of pesticide residue which is inevitable. Commonly used pesticides are organophosphates, carbamates, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Thus, different pharmacopeias have prescribed limits for the presence of microbes and amount of pesticide residue. It also includes detailed test methods for determining 34 potential pesticides with their mandatory limits. The presence of heavy metals either accidental or intentional ultimately causes danger to the user’s health. Limits tests for toxic heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic are mandatory to check whether it is crude drug or herbal formulation. Limit tests are defined as a simple and straightforward method of determination of amount of heavy metal present on the basis of change in the color reaction by adding specific chemical reagents. The amount of heavy metal present (in parts per million) can be estimated by comparing with the standard value in the guidelines (WHO, 1988a). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and neutron activation analysis (NAA) are employed to analyze the amount of metal quantitatively (Watson et al., 1999). Potential intake of the toxic metal can be estimated by calculating the recommended dose with the amount present in the product. This calculated intake is further compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake values (PTWI) for toxic metals. This process of estimating the toxicological perspective of herbal preparation has been validated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the World Health Organization (FAO-WHO) (De Smet et al., 1997).
Toxicological approaches for the quantitative inhalation risk assessment of toxic metals from tobacco smoke: application on the deterministic and probabilistic inhalation risk assessment of cadmium for Austrian smokers
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Christina Vlachou, Katharina Vejdovszky, Josef Wolf, Johann Steinwider, Klemens Fuchs, Daniela Hofstädter
Comparison of the estimated human exposure levels with health-based guidance values is one of the aspects of risk assessment, useful in order to provide quantitative information to the risk managers, as well as the rationale for decisions concerning the mitigation of risks and the protection of human health (WHO 2009). In this concept, inhalation Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) and Reference Exposure Levels (RELs) are defined as estimates of human inhalation exposure to a substance that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse non-carcinogenic effects over an acute, intermediate, or chronic duration of exposure (CalEPA-OEHHA 2009; ATSDR 2012). For environmental contaminants which accumulate in the body over time, Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) in μg/kg b.w. per week is often used as a health-based guidance value, with which human exposure can be compared (WHO 2009). The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has developed a methodology for the safety assessment of elemental impurities in drugs administered through the inhalation route. Within this framework, inhalation Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) values in μg/day have been established for several heavy metals, in means of the maximum acceptable inhalation intake of the elemental impurity per day (EMA 2019).
Simultaneous analysis of mycotoxins in corn flour using LC/MS-MS combined with a modified QuEChERS procedure
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
Maryam Amirahmadi, Shahram Shoeibi, Hossein Rastegar, Mehdi Elmi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
The results presented in the present study were used to estimate the daily intake of selected mycotoxins from corn by the Iranian population. There are no data of corn consumption rate in Iran. Therefore, the consumption rate of corn and its derivatives (3 g per day per person) were estimated based on the data available in United States Department of Agriculture (domestic consumption of corn in Iran) in 2015 (USDA 2017). According to previous studies, body weight for adults is assumed 60 kg (Yazdanpanah et al.2014). In this study, the EDI of AFB1, OTA, ZER, DON, and T2-toxin were 5.8, 1.1, 32.1, 5.58, and 0.06 ng/kg body weight per day, respectively. WHO has suggested a provisional maximum tolerated daily intake (PMTDI) of 1 ng/kg body weight per day for AFB1 (WHO 1998). Also, The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has reported a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 120 ng/kg body weight for OTA in food (EFSA, 2006). In Belgium, tolerable daily intake (TDI) was estimated to be 1.0, 0.25, and 0.1 μg/kg body weight per day for DON, ZEA, and the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, respectively (Boevre et al.2013). In similar studies (Yazdanpanah et al.2012, 2014), the mean daily intake was reported in the range of 33.63–45.48 ng/kg body weight per day and 0.001–0.006 μg/kg body weight per day for DON and ZER in different food, respectively.
Systemic PFOS and PFOA exposure and disturbed lipid homeostasis in humans: what do we know and what not?
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Styliani Fragki, Hubert Dirven, Tony Fletcher, Bettina Grasl-Kraupp, Kristine Bjerve Gützkow, Ron Hoogenboom, Sander Kersten, Birgitte Lindeman, Jochem Louisse, Ad Peijnenburg, Aldert H. Piersma, Hans M. G. Princen, Maria Uhl, Joost Westerhout, Marco J. Zeilmaker, Mirjam Luijten
Despite agreements to phase out the production of certain PFASs by industry, part of the European population is still exposed to levels of PFASs1 exceeding the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) recently proposed by the EFSA CONTAM Panel (2020), based on effects in humans. Furthermore, alternative PFASs are increasingly being used without sufficient knowledge on their potential hazards and sources of emissions. Thus, PFASs are a public health concern deserving attention from health authorities and policy makers.