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Surgery of the Wrist
Published in Timothy W R Briggs, Jonathan Miles, William Aston, Heledd Havard, Daud TS Chou, Operative Orthopaedics, 2020
Ramon Tahmassebi, Sirat Khan, Kalpesh R Vaghela
Total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) is a motion-preserving treatment for pancarpal wrist arthritis. Modern fourth-generation TWA designs are modular, cementless and preserve bone stock with semi-constrained or constrained geometry.
Employment Law and Occupational Health and Safety
Published in Julie Dickinson, Anne Meyer, Karen J. Huff, Deborah A. Wipf, Elizabeth K. Zorn, Kathy G. Ferrell, Lisa Mancuso, Marjorie Berg Pugatch, Joanne Walker, Karen Wilkinson, Legal Nurse Consulting Principles and Practices, 2019
Kathleen P. Buckheit, Moniaree Parker Jones
The purpose of the Occupational Noise Exposure Standard (29 CFR 1910.95; see Appendix A) is “to protect workers with significant occupational noise exposures from hearing impairment even if they are subject to such noise exposures over their entire working lifetimes” (U.S. DOL, OSHA, 2002, p. 1). The standard requires employees exposed to noise at or above 85 decibels (dB) averaged over eight working hours, or an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) are included in the company hearing conservation program.
Incapacitating Agents and Technologies: A Review *
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
n-Butyl mercaptan is also known as 1-butanethiol. It is a colorless flammable liquid having a strong and obnoxious garlic-like odor. It has a high vapor pressure (83 mm Hg at 388°C; MSDS, 2005a). The odor threshold is 0.1–1 ppb, and it is stated to have a “readily noticeable” odor at concentrations between 0.1 and 1 ppm. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) time-weighted average (TWA)8 threshold limit value (TLV) is 0.5 ppm based on irritation, CNS effects, and reproductive toxicity (ACGIH, 2006). Oral LD50 values (rat) are cited as 1500 and 1800 mg kg−1, and the rat i.p. LD50 is 399 mg kg−1 (Fairchild and Stokinger, 1958; MSDS, 2005a).
Total wrist fusion versus total wrist prosthesis: a comparative study
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2023
Luis Rodríguez-Nogué, Gregorio Martínez-Villén
For decades, total wrist fusion (TWF) has been the treatment of choice for advanced radiocarpal joint degeneration of any aetiology, providing satisfactory results with predictable cost-effectiveness and low failure rates [1]. Various methods of fixation have been developed for TWF with the contoured plate being the most common to date [2,3]. Due to the high number of supplementary operations, the lack of complete improvement of functional results and the absence of universal return to work, it has been argued that TWF is not the ultimate solution to complex wrist problems [4]. Moreover, the disability caused by the loss of movement after a TWF has led to the development of numerous implants in the last 40 years. The fourth-generation total wrist prosthesis (TWP) is currently an alternative that aim to preserve pain-free movement in a stable wrist [5–8]. There has been much controversy concerning the advantages and disadvantages of TWP compared with TWA for a given indication. However, there are very few original studies comparing both procedures [9,10] and the few systematic reviews that have been conducted are compromised by bias [11,12]. The aim of the study was to compare the functional results, complications and subjective satisfaction of patients undergoing TWF or fourth-generation TWP.
Comparing formaldehyde risk assessment in histopathology laboratory staff using three methods based on US EPA approaches in the west of Iran
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Azam Karami Mosafer, Elnaz Taheri, Abdulrahman Bahrami, Seyed Mohammad Zolhavarieh, Mohammad Javad Assari
The demographic characteristics of the subjects are presented in Table 2. Most of the subjects under study are from hospital A. There is a large difference between the frequency of work between hospitals, which is related to the job, number of days and working hours that vary in hospitals. More details about the working hours per day, frequency and duration of exposure for each job are presented in Table 3. The lowest mean of frequency and working hours per day and the highest mean of the average 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) (54.0 ± 25.6, 2.8 ± 1.5 and 1139.81 ± 969.23, respectively) are related to pathologists. A total 21% and 71% of staff had higher exposure than the permissible exposure limit (PEL) (922.5 µg·m−3) and the threshold limit value (TLV) (123 µg·m−3) established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the ACGIH for formaldehyde, respectively [26]. The high concentration observed in hospitals B and C is related to the lack of a proper ventilation system. In addition, the number of working days per week in these hospitals is lower, which leads to an increase in workload.
Hearing threshold levels of Australian coal mine workers: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 64196 audiograms
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2021
Adelle Liebenberg, Alan M. Brichta, Valerie M. Nie, Sima Ahmadi, Carole L. James
In the workplace, noise exposure is recorded as an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA), measured in decibels (dB) on a scale which resembles how the human ear responds to sound. This scale is termed the A-weighted scale, and results are presented as ‘dB(A)’. These TWAs should not exceed the Australian workplace exposure standard, which is currently 85 dB(A). Any exposures in excess of this limit are considered excessive noise exposures (Work Health and Safety Regulation 2017). Prolonged exposure to noise levels exceeding the exposure standard at work as well as in social environments may result in hearing loss, known as noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) (Lie et al. 2015; Safe Work Australia 2010). Exposure to ototoxins (such as benzene) and pre-existing hearing impairment may also contribute to hearing loss. Additionally, noisy social and recreational activities, such as target shooting, attending events such as football games and at night clubs, and using personal music devices, can all contribute to overall noise exposure and subsequent hearing loss. There is a body of evidence indicating that young people from teens to adulthood can show signs of hearing loss associated with exposure to recreational noise, especially loud music (Smith et al. 2000; Keppler, Dhooge, and Vinck 2015).