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Application of Synchrotron Radiation Technology in Marine Biochemistry and Food Science Studies
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toshiki Nakano, Masafumi Hidaka
Synchrotrons are particle accelerators in which charged particles circulate along a closed path. A charged particle, an electron, in the magnetic field, is accelerated to the speed of light. Because SR is extremely bright compared to conventional X-ray generators and microscopes, it is gentle to soft materials, has a variable wavelength (energy), and a high directivity, similar to a laser. SR-based X-ray contrast resolution is known to be >1000 times higher than the density resolution of X-ray absorption. SR can measure in nanosecond order with a pulse duration of 50–100 picoseconds (Nakano 2019; Pérez and De Sanctis 2017; Rao et al. 2013). Therefore, in particular, SR-based imaging is recently attracting many scientists studying on medical and biological applications. At present, a next-generation SR light source facility, which will provide the first synchrotron beam in 2023, is under construction at the Aobayama campus of Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan (Figure 2.5; PhoSIC 2019).
Use of Microcomputed Tomography and Image Processing Tools in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Yogini S. Jaiswal, Yanling Xue, Tiqiao Xiao, Leonard L. Williams
There are several types of Synchrotron techniques available for imaging which include: (1) synchrotron radiation-Fourier transforms infrared (SR-FTIR) spectroscopy; (2) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS); (3) X-ray micro fluorescence (μ-XRF) and X-ray computed tomography and phase-contrast imaging. With use of Synchrotron Radiation-Fourier Trans-form Infrared (SR-FTIR) Spectroscopy, research can identify and quantitate plant constituents within tissues and cells (Goff et al., 2013). The transmission or fluorescence of samples can be recorded by XAS. In an extended fine structure absorption spectrum, the generated spectrum can be used for quantification of absorption by atoms of various species and distances. Thus, this technique finds its application in studying uptake and distribution of nutrients in plants (Kopittke et al., 2012, 2014; Sarret et al., 2013). μ-XRF is used to study the uptake of metals within different plant tissues. X-ray computed tomography and Phase Contrast Imaging techniques scan samples and generate images of virtual slices of the samples with millisecond intervals (Moore et al., 2010). Integration of these SR techniques with other analysis techniques helps in the exploration of biological systems.
An Invitation: Acceleration!
Published in Rob Appleby, Graeme Burt, James Clarke, Hywel Owen, The Science and Technology of Particle Accelerators, 2020
Rob Appleby, Graeme Burt, James Clarke, Hywel Owen
From an accelerator point of view the most important secondary particle phenomenon is that of photon production; it's a fundamental behaviour when charges accelerate in electromagnetic fields, and so we discuss it in detail in Chapter 6. We show the basic connection between the bremsstrahlung utilised in radiotherapy and the production of photons via synchrotron radiation. So-called synchrotron light sources are a widespread application of electron accelerators – there are nearly a hundred such facilities around the world now – and they make use of the enormous enhancement of photon production when electrons with a large kinetic energy travel through a specific magnetic field arrangement.
Elke Bräuer-Krisch: dedication, creativity and generosity: May 17, 1961–September 10, 2018
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Elke acquired her basic formation as radiation protection engineer in Germany, at the Berufsakademie Karlsruhe (1980–1984). The following decade was devoted to an extensive international professional development, with residencies in: (A) Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France (1984–1986). (B) National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY) (1986–1987 and 1993–1994). (C) DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hasylab) in Hamburg, Germany (1987–1988). (D) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) in Sydney, Australia. (E) European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ERSF) in Grenoble, France (1983–1990), where she moved to a position of safety engineer in 1990. In 1998, Elke joined the Biomedical Beamline at the ESRF. What happened in the years between?
Canine comparative oncology for translational radiation research
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Another spatially fractionated radiation approach is through the use of microbeams or minibeams (MRT). MRT consists of a spatially-modulated, co-planar array of photons or protons delivered to tumors (Bräuer-Krisch et al. 2010). Treatment with these spatially fractionated beams in preclinical models has resulted in increased normal tissue sparing and evidence of increased tumor control. Depending on the beam origin, modern microbeams and minibeams are divided into either cyclotron or accelerator-based, compact X-ray source-based, and synchrotron-based facilities (Ghita et al. 2018). Recently, a linear accelerator mounted mini-beam collimator for use at 6 MV beam energy was built and characterized (Cranmer-Sargison et al. 2015). This has led to ongoing efforts, utilizing a canine spontaneous brain tumor model, to compare outcomes for dogs treated with single fraction MRT (26 Gy to mean dose) with those treated with SRT (9 Gy × 3) (Kundapur et al. 2020). Preliminary results from this trial are reported to be positive for MRT treatment for dogs with brain tumors (Kundapur et al. 2020).
FLASH ultra-high dose rates in radiotherapy: preclinical and radiobiological evidence
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Andrea Borghini, Cecilia Vecoli, Luca Labate, Daniele Panetta, Maria Grazia Andreassi, Leonida A. Gizzi
In view of the above, a combination of VHEE and FLASH-RT, may provide a complete solution to a clinical translation of this new approach. However, generation of 150–250 MeV electron beams using conventional technology is anyway hindered by the low acceleration gradient of RF cavities that, with the most advanced technologies currently available would require very large accelerator lengths, with prohibitive size and cost of clinical equipment that would inevitably limit access to future FLASH-RT. This limitation has already hindered the development of phase-contrast X-ray imaging based on Synchrotron radiation that, in spite of showing significant performance in early cancer detection (Taba et al. 2018), never passed from the stage of laboratory demonstration to clinical application. It is therefore crucial to invest in the development of accelerator technologies that, in principle, can overcome these limitations and provide compact and affordable accelerators suitable to be placed inside hospitals.