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Basic Principles of Laser
Published in Anita Prasad, Laser Techniques in Ophthalmology, 2022
Pulsed mode – emissions occur in short bursts of highly concentrated energy. Pulses can be long (millisecond), short (microsecond), Q-switched (nanosecond – extremely short pulse), or mode locked, emitting picosecond pulses.Number of pulses delivered per second is the repetition rate, which can vary from low (<1 pulse/second) to exceedingly high rates (>100/second)Solid-state lasers usually operate in the pulsed mode, to achieve higher power for photo-disruption with reduced risk of heat generation and collateral damage.
Endolaser
Published in A Peyman MD Gholam, A Meffert MD Stephen, D Conway MD FACS Mandi, Chiasson Trisha, Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques, 2019
The advantages of the argon laser over the xenon light are its smaller angle of divergence, which facilitates a more comfortable and safe working distance, a finer spot size, and a reproducible endpoint. In addition, the argon endolaser probe tip withstands rapid laser applications and may be fired through air or gas. The diode laser is also commonly in use in vitreoretinal surgery. These solid-state lasers do not require cooling elements, are more compact, and come in red and green wavelengths.
Laser Principles in Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
A pioneering example of a solid-state laser is the ruby laser. The neodymium yttrium aluminium garnate (YAG) laser and the related (frequency doubled) potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) are examples of solid-state lasers in surgical practice.
Multipass low fluence, high-frequency 755-nm alexandrite laser versus high fluence, low-frequency 1064-nm long-pulsed Nd: YAG laser in axillary hair reduction of dark skin phototypes: an intra-individual randomized comparative study
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Nayera Moftah, Mai Tymour, Shady Mahmoud Attia Ibrahim
The Alex laser is a solid-state laser that emits at 755 nm, which allows for a greater depth of penetration, but with more melanin absorption compared to other laser systems. The use of cooling devices allows the laser operator to deliver effective energy to the dermal target while protecting the epidermis from such thermal injury (9). To reduce the possible side effects, innovative technologies have been developed. Motus AX Alex laser system has been specially designed and developed with Moveo technology system with both a standard single pass and a Multipass (Moveo) emission method characterized by multiple emissions in the treatment area with low fluences to give an adequate progressive therapeutic dose. Using that innovative handpiece with a cooled sapphire cylinder tip that conveys the laser beam onto the skin drastically reduces system energy leaks to the skin, thus increasing the efficacy of laser transmission. Besides, repeated passes over the small areas cause gradual heating of the vital parts of the hair giving an adequate progressive therapeutic dose without overheating the skin leading to hair destruction in a painless manner (10,11).
Functional activity of anti-LINGO-1 antibody opicinumab requires target engagement at a secondary binding site
Published in mAbs, 2020
Karl J. M. Hanf, Joseph W. Arndt, YuTing Liu, Bang Jian Gong, Mia Rushe, Richelle Sopko, Ramiro Massol, Benjamin Smith, Yan Gao, Isin Dalkilic-Liddle, Xinhua Lee, Shanell Mojta, Zhaohui Shao, Sha Mi, R. Blake Pepinsky
Representative three-dimensional (3D) confocal images were acquired using a CSU-W1 spinning-disk confocal head (Yokogawa, Japan) coupled to a fully motorized inverted Zeiss AxioObserver Z1 imaging system (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) equipped with an oil immersion 63X objective lens (Pan Apochromat, 1.4 numerical aperture) and an X-Cite XLED1 fluorescence illuminator (Excelitas Technologies, USA) for wide-field illumination. Solid-state laser stack (405, 488, 561 and 647 nm; Crystal Lase, Reno, NV) with fiber switcher technology (Intelligent Imaging Innovations, USA) were coupled to the spinning head through a fiber optic. The imaging system was operated under the control of SlideBook 6 (Intelligent Imaging Innovations, USA), which was used to acquire 3D confocal stacks of images spaced 0.27 µm apart with the aid of a piezoelectric Z motorized stage (Applied Scientific Instrumentation, USA) and a Hamamatsu ORCA-Flash4.0 v2 sCMOS Camera.
Calcium-dependent, non-apoptotic, large plasma membrane bleb formation in physiologically stimulated mast cells and basophils
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2019
C. Jansen, C Tobita, E. U. Umemoto, J. Starkus, N. M. Rysavy, L. M. N. Shimoda, C. Sung, A.J. Stokes, H Turner
Bright-field and fluorescence imaging of cells in MatTek dishes were performed on a Nikon Ti Eclipse C1 epifluorescence and confocal microscopy system, equipped with heated stage. Available laser lines in FITC, TxRed, and Cy5 were supplied by a 488 nm 10 mW solid-state laser, a 561 nm 10 mW diode pump solid-state laser and a 638 nm 10 mW-modulated diode laser. z stack sizes ranged from 3 to 8 microns depending on the cell being imaged. Each z disc (optical section) ranged from 0.15 to 1 micron. Pinhole size for all images was 60 microns. Images were analysed in NIS Elements (Nikon, Melville, NY, USA). Unless otherwise, stated images were acquired through a Plan Apo VC 100 × 1.40 oil objective (Nikon). Excitation and emission maxima of dyes used are as follows: ORO, Ex 561 nm/Ex 590/50 nm; Fluo-4, Ex 488 nm/Ex 515/30 nm; WGA, Ex 488 nm/Ex 515/30 nm; Alexa-538 Annexin V, Ex 538 nm/Ex 590/50 nm.