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Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
Heterocyclic moieties are found in diverse natural drugs that are an indispensable part of life including nucleic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and alkaloids. Currently, many marketed drugs contain heterocyclic pharmacophores (Gomtsyan, 2012). A large abundance of pharma- and agrochemicals contain at the least one heterocyclic ring structure. To treat a disease effectively, the correct medication must be taken through appropriate route of administration. Oral medications work by traveling through the stomach and then being absorbed into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream the medication flows throughout the body supplying to the therapeutic area it needs.
Mephenytoin
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Assessing the incidence of the dermatologic adverse effects is even more difficult. Most common is the usual confluent morbilliform drug hypersensitivity rash presenting on the trunk and spreading centrifugally. As with other pharmacologic agents, this rash tends to be benign, disappearing when MHT is removed and even occasionally disappearing spontaneously. Less frequently urticarial rashes are seen. The more dangerous exfoliative or macrolytic dermatitides are rarely seen. The controversy centers about their relative incidence. The problem of relative incidence is compounded by the fact that patients were usually taking more than one agent. An incidence of 3% for dermatologic reactions (all benign) was reported for one study of 93 patients (2). This is similar to the general experience with other heterocyclic ring structure AEDs. In another report of 28 patients receiving polytherapy including MHT (18) in whom three simple and six complicated skin rashes occurred, it was noted that all of the serious idiosyncratic reactions occurred in the spring or summer, when allergic reactions are more common. This is certainly another confounding factor which cannot currently be placed in a useful mathematical perspective. There remains no convincing evidence that MHT produces any higher incidence of dermatologic reactions—benign or dangerous—than do any of the other hydantoins.
Essential Oils as Carrier Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Romana Aichinger, Gerhard Buchbauer
Another factor that influences the penetration enhancement activity is the structure of the terpenes. A long-chain alkyl structure increases the enhancement effect better than a ring structure. Furthermore, farnesol, which represents a chain molecule, in comparison to cyclic terpenes, possesses better enhancement effects for hydrophilic drugs because of its lower vaporization energy as it can be supposed. In contrast, ring-structure-containing terpenes like menthol and camphor show less of an effect. The size and degree of long-chain alkyl functionality correlates to the degree of SC lipid disorder (Chen et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2017).
Solanaceae glycoalkaloids: α-solanine and α-chaconine modify the cardioinhibitory activity of verapamil
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Szymon Chowański, Magdalena Winkiel, Monika Szymczak-Cendlak, Paweł Marciniak, Dominika Mańczak, Karolina Walkowiak-Nowicka, Marta Spochacz, Sabino A. Bufo, Laura Scrano, Zbigniew Adamski
Steroidal glycoalkaloids are organic compounds with a ring structure, usually of plant origin. They are heterocyclic bases that contain a nitrogen atom and consist of a sugar moiety and an aglycone. The hydrophobic and nonpolar part of the aglycone is a steroidal structure to which carbohydrate moieties are attached at the 3-OH position. The polar, water-soluble sugar part contains three or four monosaccharide molecules of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-xylose, and L-rhamnose in various combinations (Friedman 2004, 2006; Nepal and Stine 2019). These compounds are produced by plants as secondary metabolites and used in protection against herbivores and as antipathogenic agents during fungal or bacterial infection (Roddick 1996; Chowański et al. 2016). They show properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, cardiovascular, and antioxidant effects, or activity that prevents muscle wasting. Thus, their high biological activity enables many of them to be used as pharmacological agents (Niño et al. 2009; Friedman 2013; Kolińska et al. 2016; Jan et al. 2017; Dey et al. 2019; Ebert et al. 2019; Morais et al. 2020).
Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoke of charcoal grilled meat-restaurants in Amman, Jordan
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Sharif H. Arar, Sarya G. Ikbarieh, Mohammed H. Kailani, Mahmoud A. Alawi
The comparison that has been made between the previously mentioned restaurants in Table S5 shows that the average concentrations in (ng TEQ/m3) in S restaurant were the highest. This is because it contained the highest concentrations of Benzo (a) pyrene (B(a)P) and dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DahA) (ng/m3) which were the most toxic congener (TEF = 1) among the 16 PAHs. The most frequently observed/measured PAH compounds with (TEF = 0.01, chrysene) were in S restaurant also, but in Chen et al. (2007) study the most detected compounds like pyrene (particle/gas phase distribution- alternate ring structure), phenanthrene (gas phase distribution- alternate ring structure) and acenaphthylene (gas phase distribution-non alternate ring structure) which have TEF = 0.001. The difference in PAHs composition between the two studies could be attributed to the type of cooked or grilled food and marinating methods (Yao et al.2015). Also in this study for restaurant (S) the percentage of gas-phase PAHs (fluorene and Acenaphthylene) detected is 0.56% due to just using filters (traps particulate matter), 61.2% gas-particle PAHs, and 38.2 particle-phase PAHs, whereas the percentage of volatile PAHs in Hong Kong restaurants (Chen et al.2007) was around 90% since they collected gaseous PAHs by glass cartridge, packed with polyurethane foam (PUF) plug, followed by a XAD-16 resin.
Study of stability and interference for catecholamines and metanephrines, 3-methoxytyramine: key point of an accurate diagnosis for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2021
Kaijuan Wang, Xiaojing Gao, Wei Zhang, Nian Sun, Lan Xie, Hongying Cong, Yutong Guo, Xiaocui Shi, Zhou Zhou
Chemically, catecholamines are monoamines linked to a benzene ring with two vicinal hydroxyl groups. The ring structure makes the compounds sensitive to light and easily oxidized, the stability of catecholamines and their metabolites in plasma has attracted much attention. However, there are some controversies, D'Alesandro [5] and Pettersson J [6] declared that EPI and NE are stable at 24 °C/20 °C for 24 h/22 h regardless of whether glutathione or sodium metabisulphite is added to the sample. However, Boomsma F [7] mentioned in his paper, blood is generally collected into tubes containing an anticoagulant and antioxidant (glutathione, sodium metabisulfite, or ascorbic acid), both Boomsma F and Carruthers M [8] believed that a delay in centrifugation of blood led to an immediate decay in measured plasma catecholamines, these studies are getting aged. In recent years, there are also studies on sample storage and transport, most of them focus on metanephrine (MN) and normetanephrine (NMN) [9,10], a few studies focus on EPI and NE. Although there is compelling evidence that plasma free metanephrines (MNs: MN and NMN) are superior to catecholamines for diagnosis of PPGLs, the determination of plasma EPI, NE, DA continues to be required by clinicians, in addition, since DA and 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) may be markers of dopamine-producing tumors, storage and transport conditions of them should also be evaluated.