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Antibody-Based Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
A second approach is to attach a mAb to a radioactive element or ligand (i.e., “radioimmunotherapy” or “RIT”). This technology delivers radioactivity to tumors in a highly selective manner, and can also be used for imaging purposes. Although theoretically a very useful approach, it has been limited by problems associated with the generation of radioactive ligands, and the storage and safe use of such agents by health care workers. Two agents of this type have been approved by the FDA, ibritumomab tiuxetan (ZevalinTM), delivering Yttrium-90 or Indium-111 for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and I-131-tositumomab (BexxarTM), delivering Iodine-131 for the treatment of relapsed or chemotherapy/rituxan-refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The latter was approved in 2003 but was withdrawn by its manufacturer (GSK) in 2014 due to a decline in use.
Radiation injuries
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
Yves Jouchoux, Christophe Boyer
Internal irradiation by internal contamination (alpha, beta or gamma sources). The radioactive element can enter into the organism by inhalation, through a wound, by ingestion of contaminated water and food or by transcutaneous absorption.
Diagnostic imaging
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
In other imaging techniques using ionising radiation such as CT and conventional radiography, the individual is exposed to ionising radiation from an external source and the radiation transmitted through the patient is recorded. In nuclear medicine, however, a radioactive element or radionuclide such as technetium, gallium, thallium or iodine is administered to the patient as part of a radiopharmaceutical agent, and a detector such as a gamma camera is then used to record and localise the emission from the patient, thus forming the image. The radionuclide is chosen and coupled with other compounds such that it is distributed and taken up in the tissues of interest. Therefore, a variety of radionuclides are required for imaging of different tissues. Nuclear medicine also differs from other means of imaging, which are largely anatomically based, as it also provides functional information.
The enduring legacy of Marie Curie: impacts of radium in 21st century radiological and medical sciences
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Rebecca Abergel, John Aris, Wesley E. Bolch, Shaheen A. Dewji, Ashley Golden, David A. Hooper, Dmitri Margot, Carly G. Menker, Tatjana Paunesku, Dörthe Schaue, Gayle E. Woloschak
Following Marie Curie’s discovery of radium, this radioactive element was soon combined with paint to create a luminescent dye that could be used to identify items in the dark. These included airplane dials and watch dials, and the painting process required precision. Many of the individuals hired by Luminous Processes and several other companies were young women who were unaware of the risks from exposure. They would typically make the tip of the paintbrush fine by licking it thereby ingesting this radionuclide (Clark 1997; Gunderman and Gonda 2015; Cohen and Kim 2017; Martinez et al. 2021). As noted before, radium is chemically similar to calcium and targets bone; the most common isotope 226Ra releases alpha particles (and to a lesser extent gamma-rays). Once lodged in the bone it causes damage to the nearby cells.
Clinical outcomes for congenital heart disease patients presenting with infective endocarditis
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2020
The addition of the PET scan has recently made it easier to detect septic embolism in the body. It is a nuclear imaging technique where a radioactive element (fluorine or carbon marked) can bind to glucose in the body making it possible to target the areas with metabolic hyperactivity, in particular the inflammatory areas. In IE, it can allow to detect septic locations, both cardiac and extracardiac, except in the early postoperative period when inflammatory reactions on the operated site are sources of false positives and unreliable interpretation of PETscan images [40,42]. Orvin et al [49] showed that FDG-PET/CT yielded to a high detection rate of extracardiac endocarditis locations. In this study, patients included had a definite diagnosis of IE. Other studies including patients with suspected IE, found a lower rate of extracardiac complications detection, varying from 24% to 44% [50,51].
Radioactive polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical application
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Shentian Wu, Edward Helal-Neto, Ana Paula dos Santos Matos, Amir Jafari, Ján Kozempel, Yuri José de Albuquerque Silva, Carolina Serrano-Larrea, Severino Alves Junior, Eduardo Ricci-Junior, Frank Alexis, Ralph Santos-Oliveira
The first method involves the incorporation of a radioactive element in a nanosized cluster. Despite the advantages of the omnipresent method, complications like oxidization of radioactive elements or eluding the nanoscale imaging remain a challenge. Noble metals such as gold can be bombarded with neutrons in a nuclear reactor to generate radioactive core NPs. The second method involves attaching a radioactive element to a NP (also called radiolabeling of a particle). This method is versatile and can incorporate various radioelements of choice into a ligand on the NP surface using functionalization chemistry. Subsequently, these bifunctional chelators are used to carry metallic radionuclides. However, the dissociation of the radionuclide under in vivo conditions could result in false or disorientated images (Schuster et al., 2016).