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The Practice of Metabolic Medicine
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
In the hospital, we deal with the very significant and difficult condition labeled, protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM). There are numerous studies (Barker, Gout, and Crowe 2011; Löser 2010) showing that roughly 40% of adult hospitalized patients have some degree of PCM. The term PCM is not optimal because it doesn’t mean exactly what it says. MAL-nutrition technically means faulty consumption of food. Some (Cheguevara et al. 2015) have argued that the word malnutrition is inappropriately applied in a patient who is eating, even if they are sarcopenic and nutritionally compromised. From this perspective, the term malnutrition should be reserved for those who are not eating.
Isolated Atrial Preparations
Published in John H. McNeill, Measurement of Cardiac Function, 2020
M.K. Pugsley, E.S. Hayes, M.J.A. Walker
Digital recorders may take the form of audio/video tape recorders (PCM based on VCR technology), DAT (digital audio tape), or computer drives. A PCM-based processor combined with video tape recording offers an economical form of on-line data recording.27 While the various methods of recording each have their specific strengths and weaknesses, there is a need for analog to digital (A/D) conversion. A large number of commercial data acquisition boards are available which take (as an input) analog signals, as voltages, and change these into digital codes for transfer to MS-DOS** or Macintosh*** operating system computers.
The Partial Credit Rasch Model
Published in Trevor G. Bond, Zi Yan, Moritz Heene, Applying the Rasch Model, 2020
Trevor G. Bond, Zi Yan, Moritz Heene
What was original with Bond and Bunting (1995) in this work was the detailed scoring table (Table 7.2) developed exactly from chapter 4 of Inhelder and Piaget (1955/1958). These performance criteria are far more comprehensive than any developed before, including those of Bond (1976/1995), Shayer and colleagues (1976), and others; in particular, they resulted directly from a detailed rereading of the key Piagetian theoretical chapter keeping in mind the possibilities opened up by the PCM as the key stimulus. This probably sounds as though an excess of missionary zeal is sneaking in here, but the important claim is that when we see the old world of data through new eyes (in this case, the PCM), completely new possibilities open up. We might have made a similar claim in the previous chapter for developing measures via the rating scale model, but that claim would not have been original. Many already have developed scores for Likert-type surveys, even if they have made the ‘measurement’ claim erroneously. Although the vast majority of standardised psychological and educational testing falls into the dichotomous tradition (of, say, IQ scores) or Likert-type scales (personality assessment; Michell, 1986), the PCM allows for meaningful quantification in a virtually untouched category of human sciences research, in which the data are neither dichotomous nor do they have some fixed number of polytomous response categories across items.
AuNPs as an important inorganic nanoparticle applied in drug carrier systems
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Wen Li, Zhiwen Cao, Rui Liu, Linlin Liu, Hui Li, Xiang Li, Youwen Chen, Cheng Lu, Yuanyan Liu
AuNPs can be modified with heat-sensitive materials to realise drug release [154]. For example, Lajunen et al. [155] developed liposomal drug carriers which were formulated using a heat-sensitive composition with star- or rod-shaped AuNPs. AuNPs convert light energy into heat and release it into the lipid bilayer, causing an increase in the local temperature that causes double leakage of the liposome and triggers drug release. Phase change material (PCM) is a material with a large latent heat of fusion that melts and solidifies at a certain temperature. There are three forms of PCM: liquid-gas, solid-solid, and solid-liquid. Solid-liquid PCM is now widely used in basic research and practical application [156]. The PCM which is applied in a drug release system should have good biocompatibility and a precise critical solution temperature with a slightly higher melting point than physiological temperature [157]. lauric acid [158], fatty acid and 1-tetradecanol [156] are frequently used PCMs. Poudel et al. [159] reported a new strategy in which hollow silver-gold nanoshells are encapsulated in hollow mesoporous silica as an effective platform for the release of anticancer drugs. The mesopores were blocked with the heat-sensitive PCM lauric acid to achieve drug-controlled release by photothermal action. In addition, there are also many dual-responsive drug release systems such as pH/near-infra-red dual-triggered drug release [160], GSH/near-infra-red dual-triggered drug release [161], GSH/pH dual-triggered drug release [146] and other responsive drug release systems [162,163].
Cooling therapy for the management of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in middle-income countries: we can, but should we?
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2019
The second limitation relates to the low mortality (3% deaths with PCM) reported in this study [10] and in most non-randomised cooling studies in MIC. Almost certainly this is owing to the recruitment of infants with milder illness rather than to any therapeutic effect of cooling. This issue is not unique to LMIC. An apparent improvement in the outcome of cooled infants is reported in HIC also. For example, the original NICHD cooling trial (2005) reported an adverse outcome in 40% of cooled infants [1], the optimising cooling trial (2014) reported an adverse outcome in 29% [5] and the recent MARBLE study (Magnetic Resonance Biomarkers in Neonatal Encephalopathy) (2019) [15] reported an adverse outcome in 16%. However, the effect disappears when adjusted for the severity of the encephalopathy and can be entirely attributed to the cooling of infants with less severe encephalopathy. In the UK, almost all infants with mild encephalopathy are now cooled, despite the lack of any supportive evidence.
Low-temperature organic phase change material microcapsules for asphalt pavement: preparation, characterisation and application
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2018
Feng Li, Siqi Zhou, Sai Chen, Jian Yang, Xingyi Zhu, Yuchuan Du, Zhenglong Yang
Phase change materials (PCM) have been popular in the world for more than 50 years. PCM is a material that controls the surrounding environment within a certain range by releasing and storing thermal energy through the transformation of the state of matter. Generally, PCM possesses very high sensible and latent heat, and its transitional form is usually liquid-solid (Ng et al.2017, Irani et al.2017, Zhu et al.2017). With the rapid development of PCM technology and the increasing demand for large temperature ranges and sustainability, PCM-based organic materials are becoming more and more prevalent (Zhang et al.2016, Sun et al.2017, Sun et al.2018, Zhu et al.2018). However, most PCM are designed for relatively high temperatures (typically over 15 °C) or low temperatures (typically below 0 °C), they are designed for smart buildings (Saikia et al.2018, Yang et al.2018), heat dissipation (Ianniciello et al.2018, Huang et al.2018), cooling vests (Itani et al.2018) and so on.