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Standardization of Herbal Drugs
Published in Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf, Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf
Use a microscope with an ocular micrometer to measure the size of small objects. The scales should be calibrated using a stage micrometer, consisting of a glass slide of usual size, upon which a scale is engraved or photographed, usually 1 or 2 mm long, in 0.1 and 0.01 mm divisions. The ocular micrometer consists of a small disc of glass, across the diameter of which is a 100-line scale that is engraved or photographed. The disc is placed into the eyepiece. A microscope is equipped with the following parts: Lenses: Lenses providing a wide range of magnification and a substage condenser, a graduated mechanical stage, objectives with a magnification of 4×, 10× and 40×, and color filters of ground glass, for example, blue-green; high eyepoint eyepieces are preferred for wearers of spectacles.Lamp: A lamp, either separate or incorporated into the microscope.Micrometer: A stage micrometer and an ocular micrometer to be inserted into a 6x eyepiece and placed on the diaphragm or preferably, a micrometer eyepiece.Other parts: A set of polarizing filters; a set of drawing attachments for the microscope; a microburner (Bunsen type); slides and cover glasses of standard size and a set of botanical dissecting instruments.
Acute inhalation toxicity of aerosolized electrochemically generated solution of sodium hypochlorite
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Bohdan Murashevych, Dmitry Girenko, Hanna Maslak, Dmytro Stepanskyi, Olha Abraimova, Olha Netronina, Petro Zhminko
The collecting of hydro-aerosol particles from the inner space of the chamber was being carried out on a degreased dry glass slide through a special hole in the chamber in the breathing zone of rats. The dispersion of the hydro-aerosol was being determined using a microscope ‘Primo Star’ (Zeiss). The air sampling and counting procedure were performed three times every 60 min (three replicates at each time point). In one air sample, 200 aerosol particles were being counted. To prevent bias in sampling, counting was carried out on the basis of the dry residue in the center of the sliding glass with its continuous movement. The particles, the centers of which pass through the length of the ruler of the ocular micrometer, were being counted. Before counting, the division value of the ocular micrometer ruler was determined using an objective micrometer. Aerosol particles were being counted at 20× objective and 10× eyepiece magnification. The result was expressed as the average of 3 repeated determinations. After determining the percentage of aerosol particles of different dispersion by the described technique, the mass average aerodynamic diameter, the geometric mean, and the geometric standard deviation of the aerosol particle size distribution were determined using standard methods (Wiggins 1991; Grainger 2018). After the start of the exposure, no changes were made to the parameters of the spraying system to maintain the spatial and temporal uniformity of the aerosol.
Aspects of the bionomics of Brackish Water Prawn (Macrobrachium macrobrachion: Herklots 1851) in the interconnecting lagoons of South-Western Nigeria
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
The diameters of 20 eggs per berried female which were randomly selected were measured with an ocular micrometer inserted into the eye-piece of the microscope in order to determine the egg size (oocyte diameter). The stage micrometer was initially standardized (calibrated) with the ocular micrometer using X10 objective lens. The process involved placing the stage micrometer on the microscope stage, focused with a particular objective (X10). The eye-piece of the microscope was then replaced with another in which the ocular micrometer was placed. The eye-piece was viewed by rotating it so that the scale of the ocular became parallel to that of the stage. Thus, the zero on the ocular was super-imposed to that of the stage micrometer. The eggs were placed on a slide and viewed under the microscope. Counts were then made on the number of divisions where a division or sub-division of both scales coincided (Akinwunmi, 2020). Value in µm for one division on the ocular scale for that particular microscope objective = X/Y