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Therapeutic Applications of BCI Technologies
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Which of the paradigms outlined in Table 5.1 will prove most useful for rehabilitation of brain disorders is currently an empirical question. Their potential utility depends on the nature of brain states, such as whether or not these represent static traits or transient configurations of labile networks. The paradigms outlined in Table 5.1 also differ in how they conceptualize the nature of the rehabilitation process and the nervous system that is to be rehabilitated. For example, imagery enhancement implicitly assumes that the EEG provides an index of a cognitive process and that it is the strengthening of this cognitive process that is the goal of therapy. In contrast, the use of a neurochip (Lucas & Fetz 2013) has the goal of establishing simple associations between brain and muscle activity. The paradigms outlined in Table 5.1 also differ in their potential breadth of application. Although there has been great interest in the use of BCI technologies to assist recovery from the motor impairments resulting from stroke, the use of state-dependent trial presentations within classical conditioning and recognition memory paradigms shows that some of these methods may have broader application. Likewise, neurofeedback can be applied broadly as there is no dependence on context. Paradigms based on optimizing patient preparation can also be applied in any situation in which a preparatory period is feasible. However, imagery enhancement and closing the sensorimotor loop probably have less broad applicability. In addition, these methods may vary in ease of implementation. For example, state-dependent training does not require extensive training of the BCI user in brain state feature control.
Exposure to carbon black nanoparticles increases seizure susceptibility in male mice
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Miaoqing He, Xuejun Jiang, Zhen Zou, Xia Qin, Shanshan Zhang, Yi Guo, Xuefeng Wang, Xin Tian, Chengzhi Chen
Furthermore, in vitro cell experiments were performed to better investigate the effect of CBNPs on susceptibility to seizure. We compared the effect of 10 and 30 μg/mL CBNPs interventions on the frequency of APs in a Mg2+-free neuronal model, a model commonly used in in vitro experiments on epilepsy research that produces spontaneous seizure-like abnormal discharges (Avoli et al. 1991; DeLorenzo, Pal, and Sombati 1998; Voss et al. 2009; Osborn et al. 2016). It was found that CBNPs intervention can increase the excitability of the Mg2+-free neuronal model (Avoli et al. 1991; Whalley, Stephens, and Constanti 2009). This result is also consistent with the LFP electrophysiological results in our in vivo KA model and the microelectrode array neurochip results in in vitro neuronal networks by Gramowski et al. (2010), suggesting that increased AP frequency of neurons may be involved in the pathological process of seizure susceptibility.