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Azithromycin
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Three women aged 73 to 77 years developed acute eczema of the upper and lower eyelids 24 hours after intravitreal injections containing aflibercept or ranibizumab, where azithromycin eye drops were used to prevent infection. When patch tested, patients 1 and 2 reacted to the eye drops ‘as is’ and patient 2 had also a positive ROAT. Azithro- mycin 30% pet. gave positive reactions in the 2 patients tested with it (patients 2 and 3) (2).
Mass Spectrometric Analysis
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Considerable work has been reported in the characterization of tunicamycin and streptovirudin, two similar nucleoside antibiotic complexes that inhibit the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-GlcNAc to intermediates used in the synthesis of complex lipids. Previously reported were four major components and several decomposition products [212—214]. More recently, improved chromatography has enabled the separation and identification of six additional components [215]. The identifications were aided by EI mass spectra that provided molecular ions and characteristic fragments. The tunicamycin components contain uracil; the streptovirudins contain uracil and dihydrouracil. Molecular weights and elemental compositions of the streptovirudins were obtained by FD [216]. Sensitive GC-MS methods using EI were used to detect uracil and dihydrouracil, as well as determine the fatty acid components after acid hydrolysis [217]. Some of the streptovirudins are identical to tunicamycin components. Another uracil antibiotic, nikko-mycin, was identified from the EI spectra of the derivatized nucleoside and hydrolysis products [218].
Daptomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Anouk E. Muller, Inge C. Gyssens
MRSA osteomyelitis in an experimental rat model compared the activity of daptomycin (60 mg/kg) and fosfomycin (40 mg/kg) and their combination. The rats were treated for 4 weeks. Fosfomycin was superior to daptomycin (in doses equal to ~8 mg/kg in humans). Positive bone cultures were found in 9 of 9 animals in the daptomycin group and 1 of 10 in the fosfomycin group. In the combination therapy group, 1 of 9 of the bone cultures was positive for MRSA after the treatment period. No synergistic or antagonistic effect was observed for the combination therapy (Poeppl et al., 2011). However, more recently this study was repeated with lower fosfomycin doses (75 mg/kg) and the same dose of dapto-mycin. Based on bacterial counts in bones, treatment with daptomycin–fosfomycin was statistically significantly superior to fosfomycin monotherapy, daptomycin monotherapy, and no treatment (p < 0.003) (Lingscheid et al., 2015).
Colistin-associated Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis reactions: a retrospective case-non-case pharmacovigilance study
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Richard Tang, Vrishali L. Lopes, Aisling R. Caffrey
We excluded duplicate reports from the analysis, as well as follow-up reports, and reports missing date, gender, or age. Broad search terms were used to identify reports with the antibiotic of interest, colistin, either as a primary or secondary suspect drug. Multiple forms and brands of colistin were referenced from DrugBank and utilized in our search [17]. The following drug names were included: colistin, colimycine, colistimethate, colomycin, coly-mycin. A secondary analysis evaluating polymyxin B and SJS/TEN reactions was conducted. We compared age, type of reaction, and sex between colistin reports with all other reports, using a t-test, Chi-square test, or Fisher’s Exact test as appropriate. We also assessed the time to onset, other adverse events, outcomes, and all primary and secondary suspect drugs for colistin and SJS/TEN reports. Reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for SJS/TEN reactions with colistin and polymyxin B, as compared with all other medications, using OpenEpi (version 3.01) [18]. ROR and PRR confidence intervals that did not contain 1.0 were considered statistically significant.
Statins and muscle pain
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Joseph V. Pergolizzi, Flaminia Coluzzi, Robert D. Colucci, Hanna Olsson, Jo Ann LeQuang, Jonathan Al-Saadi, Peter Magnusson
Statins are catabolized by CYP450 isoenzymatic system which metabolizes about 75% of all drugs. Most drugs are metabolized via the CYP450-3A4 enzyme. Drugs that compete for catabolism in this way can interact with statins. These include antifungals (the ‘azole’ drugs), macrolide (the ‘mycin’ antibiotics), certain antidepressants, protease inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, amiodarone, danazol, midazolam, nefazodone, tamoxifen, sildenafil, and warfarin [68,69]. Fluvastatin in particular is considered a potent inhibitor of warfarin [70].
Artificial Intelligence: Its future in the health sector and its role for medical education
Published in Journal of European CME, 2021
Peter A. Henning, Jacqueline Henning, Katharina Glück
The first medical AI system MYCIN has been developed in 1972 by Ted Shortliffe [3]. MYCIN comprised a rule-based system that presented suggestions for antibiotic treatment of human patients. Based on lab parameters and involving approximately 450 quite complex rules, it was able to give precise advice to medical practitioners. MYCIN was shown to be as skilled as a medical expert in deriving meaningful suggestions.