China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional Dosimetry
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
Mark Oldham, Devon Godfrey, Titania Juang, Andrew Thomas
In the case of measurement performed with a flatbed scanner, light reflection is often used instead of light transmission. Then, the transmitted light intensities I, Ipre and Ipost should be replaced by the reflected light intensities, but Equation 18.3 remains unchanged.
Cranial Neuropathies II, III, IV, and VI
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Tanyatuth Padungkiatsagul, Heather E. Moss
The relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) is an important sign of asymmetric optic neuropathy. It relies on the direct and indirect pupil responses as a marker of light transmission to the brainstem. Though, any pathology anterior to the optic chiasm as well as contralateral optic tract injury can potentially produce this sign, it is particularly sensitive to ipsilateral optic nerve injury.
Blood Cells and Rheology
Published in John H. Barker, Gary L. Anderson, Michael D. Menger, Clinically Applied Microcirculation Research, 2019
Dick W. Slaaf, Geert Jan Tangelder, Mirjam G. A. oude Egbrink, Robert S. Reneman
Aggregation between RBCs occurs under conditions with low shear rate or stasis. A finite yield stress has to be overcome before flow will occur.52 Optical density of blood depends on flow.31 This principle is applied in the Myrenne optical aggregometer. Light transmission is measured during shearing of 20 µl blood at 600 s−1 in a cone-and-plate device, and subsequently during aggregation when rotation has been reduced to 5 s−1 or has stopped. Aggregation is measured as the area under the curve during the first 10 s of the aggregation process. One test takes about half a minute. The data cannot be calibrated since no suspension standards of know aggregation are available.
Building the foundation for a community-generated national research blueprint for inherited bleeding disorders: research priorities for mucocutaneous bleeding disorders
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2023
Robert F. Sidonio, Jr, Paulette C. Bryant, Jorge Di Paola, Sarah Hale, Meadow Heiman, G Shellye Horowitz, Christi Humphrey, Julie Jaffray, Lora C. Joyner, Raj Kasthuri, Barbara A. Konkle, Peter A. Kouides, Robert Montgomery, Keith Neeves, Anna M. Randi, Nikole Scappe, Cristina Tarango, Kelly Tickle, Pamela Trapane, Michael Wang, Brittany Waters, Veronica H. Flood
It is important to confirm, through functional assays, that novel molecular signatures correspond to physiological or functional hemostatic abnormalities. A number of diagnostic opportunities lie in the standardization of definitions and existing techniques. Characterization of platelet function, or dysfunction in IPDs, currently relies largely on whole blood impedance or light transmission aggregometry, both of which are plagued by preanalytical and analytical variables that affect the results [88,89]. Light transmission aggregometry is favored by many, however despite significant recent efforts to standardize its methodology and interpretation [90–92], in the absence of international reagent standardization or a quality assessment program, standardization between laboratories remains a challenge [93].
Study and numerical analysis of Von Mises stress of a new tumor-type distal femoral prosthesis comprising a peek composite reinforced with carbon fibers: finite element analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF-PEEK) has been successfully applied in orthopedics due to its superior abrasion resistance compared to ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) (Giurea et al. 2014), its excellent light transmission (Uri et al. 2020), and the fact that implants composed of CF-PEEK are lighter than those based on metal materials (Koh et al. 2019). These advantages render CF-PEEK a promising orthopedic implant material. Moreover, its elastic modulus is relatively compatible with that of human bones, which can effectively avoid the ‘stress shielding’ effect, thereby avoiding secondary fractures, bone loss, and osteolysis (Bryan et al. 1996; Golish and Mihalko 2011; Nakahara et al. 2013; Li et al. 2015). Excellent light transmission properties are also extremely important in orthopedics, especially in the field of bone oncology. By eliminating the interference of metal artifacts, this property can help doctors detect and identify early tumor recurrence, and orthopedic surgeons can determine the appropriate radiotherapy dose more accurately after resolving the issue of ray refraction. Radiation damage to surrounding tissues can also be avoided. Moreover, the emergence of macromolecular implant materials also provides a good alternative to solve the issues related to metal ion release during the wear process of metal prostheses (Scholes and Unsworth 2007).
Impact of IgG subclass on molecular properties of monoclonal antibodies
Published in mAbs, 2021
Yu Tang, Paul Cain, Victor Anguiano, James J. Shih, Qing Chai, Yiqing Feng
Turbidity was assessed by microplate spectrofluorometer (SpectraMax M5, San Jose, CA). 100 μL aliquot samples were plated in 96-well Special Optics Black Plates (Corning, Glendale, AZ) and read at ambient temperatures of 20–25°C. Plate based small-volume turbidity analysis (Microturbidity) is a noncompendial method, developed in-house that affords a numerical value to the opalescence and turbidity of mAb formulations. Analysis is based on using absorbance, to measure the amount of light transmission through a sample at a wavelength of 540 nm. The increase or decrease in absorbance can be converted to NTU by a linear regression means using a calibration curve generated from Formazin calibration standards (Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at various ranges of turbidity. All mAb samples were measured in formulation condition of 90 mg/mL in buffer matrix consisting of 5 mM histidine buffer pH6.0, 280 mM mannitol, and 0.02% (w/v) polysorbate 80. All prepared samples were equilibrated at 5°C over 24 hours prior to measurement.