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Application of In Vivo Ca2+ Imaging in the Pathological Study of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Published in Tian-Le Xu, Long-Jun Wu, Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
The innovation of the miniscope has been accelerated dramatically with open-source sharing of miniscope projects (Aharoni and Hoogland, 2019), such as UCLA miniscope, FinchScope of Boston University, and CHEndoscope of University of Toronto Princeton. Some functional improvements have been made recently to guide the new frontiers. Senarathna et al. reported an improved miniaturized microscope, which could be reduced to 3 g with a suspension mechanism (Senarathna et al., 2019). The three-dimensional imaging of neuronal activity was achieved with light-field microscopy, by which the spatial intensity and the direction of light of different imaging depths could be extracted together from each frame with a computational de-mixing strategy (Prevedel et al., 2014). Besides, Barbera et al. reported a wireless model of the miniature microscope that contained a micro SD card for storage, and a battery backpack (Barbera et al., 2019). The wireless design not only resolves the problem of wire entanglement but also removes many other constraints on the design of behavioral paradigms. But its battery life limits the time of continuous recording. Notably, the miniscope has been integrated with optogenetic techniques to fulfill manipulating cellular activity while imaging (Stamatakis et al., 2018). Krabbe, et al. utilized this method to verify that that US-induced VIP activity promotes PN depolarization through disinhibition and thus ultimately facilitates associative learning (Krabbe et al., 2019).
“For Mass Eye and Ear Special Issue” Adaptive Optics in the Evaluation of Diabetic Retinopathy
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2019
Omar AbdelAl, Mohammed Ashraf, Konstantina Sampani, Jennifer K Sun
A common mode for AOSLO imaging is confocal imaging, in which a small aperture (confocal pinhole) is placed close to the detector and is optically conjugate to the point of interest on the retina. The use of this confocal pinhole blocks scattered light from reaching the detector with the exception of light arriving from near the plane of focus. Thus, it enables optical sectioning, which is considered the primary advantage of confocal microscopes over conventional light-field microscopy. Images of planes at different depths in the retina can be generated with the help of the confocal configuration.18,29,39 AOSLO provides limited optical sectioning in the human eye with high contrast images of the structure of interest in the human eye but does not allow resolution close to the axial sectioning ability of the OCT.26
Studying complex brain dynamics using Drosophila
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Sophie Aimon, Ilona C. Grunwald Kadow
Complementary imaging techniques have been used to image the fly brain at different spatial and temporal scales. 2-photon or confocal microscopes allow to record activity with great spatial resolution (less than a micron), but the necessity to scan the sample voxel by voxel makes it difficult to attain rates faster than one or two whole central brain volumes per-second even with a reduced spatial sampling of 2.6 × 2.6 × 7.5 microns (Mann, Gallen, & Clandinin, 2017). On the other hand, light field microscopy makes it possible to record from the whole brain extremely fast (200 Hz), but with lower and inhomogeneous spatial resolution: the volume reconstructed from the light field image has a resolution going from a few microns close to the focal plane placed in the middle of the brain to tens of microns at the edge of the brain (Aimon et al., 2019a). Another technology, light sheet, is also being developed for the fly, providing an intermediate with a good spatial resolution and a frame rate of typically 5–10 Hz for the adult brain (Figure 1(A)) (Li et al., 2016) or the larvae central nervous system (Lemon et al., 2015). The disadvantage of all those techniques in the adult is that the light cannot penetrate the fly’s exoskeleton efficiently making removal of large parts of the head capsule imperative and imaging preparations difficult. Therefore, although possible (Grover, Katsuki, & Greenspan, 2016; Huang et al., 2018), chronic and long-term experiments are particularly challenging. In contrast, techniques such as 3-photon (Tao et al., 2017) allow imaging through the cuticula of the intact fly, thus promising noninvasive and chronical recordings of complex brain dynamics.
Watermelon Reduces the Toxicity of Cisplatin Treatment in C57BL/6 Mice with Induced Melanoma
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Roberta Cristina Ribeiro Cruz, Francisco Rinaldi Neto, Ricardo Andrade Furtado, Larissa Mendes Souza, Fernanda Diniz de Sousa, Saulo Duarte Ozelin, Jairo Kenupp Bastos, Geórgia Modé Magalhães, Denise Crispim Tavares, Pollyanna Francielli de Oliveira
The collected organs (liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, and lung) and tumor were used for histopathological analysis. The number of mitotic figures, necrotic cells, pleomorphic cells, and inflammation (13) were observed. For the preparation of the slides, the collected samples were fixed in buffered formaldehyde, stored in 70% alcohol, cleared in xylol, and embedded in paraffin. Sections (5 µm thick) of each tissue sample were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (14). The slides were qualitatively analyzed and the tissue structures were quantified by stereology under a light-field microscope. Five random fields were analyzed at 400× magnification.