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Literature Review of Computer Tools for the Visually Impaired: A Focus on Search Engines
Published in Kayvan Najarian, Delaram Kahrobaei, Enrique Domínguez, Reza Soroushmehr, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Medicine, 2022
Guy Meyer, Alan Wassyng, Mark Lawford, Kourosh Sabri, Shahram Shirani
The JAWS screen reader is an exceedingly common computer tool that supports nearly all computer tasks in an operating system (OS). A noticeable drawback from its design is the number of keyboard commands available to the user (Scientific, n.d.b), the userspace. This results in a steep learning curve that must be overcome to achieve adequate proficiency (Andronico et al., 2006; Murphy et al., 2008). Additionally, the user must memorize commands which map a keystroke to a visual change on the screen (i.e. buttons for scrolling or jumping between menus or text blocks). This issue forces the user to draw implicit assumptions regarding explicit changes on the screen. Potentially yielding a poor conversion between visual and non-visual interfaces for the same application.
Helical Tomotherapy Treatment and Dosimetry
Published in Arash Darafsheh, Radiation Therapy Dosimetry: A Practical Handbook, 2021
Treatments can be delivered with either fixed or moving (dynamic) jaws. When using fixed jaws, the 5-cm field width has the advantage of the shortest treatment time, but the superior/inferior penumbra is sharpest for the 1-cm beam. Moving the jaws dynamically during treatment allows the planner to achieve treatment times similar to the 5-cm beam, without compromising the superior/inferior penumbra.
Experimental Stomatology
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
Levy88 determined the effects of pyridoxine deficiency on the jaws of mice. In this study, 28 C57 black mice, 28 days of age, were divided into two groups containing equal numbers of males and females. Group I was fed a pyridoxine-deficient synthetic diet; Group II, the same diet containing 54% casein instead of 18%. Animals were kept on the test diets for 1 to 8 weeks before they were sacrificed. Jaws were removed and processed for histologic study. Mice deprived of pyridoxine showed a cessation of mandibular growth, regressive changes in the alveolar bone, and ulceration of the interdental papillae, with replacement of the epithelium by acute and chronic inflammatory cells and necrotic debris. Addition of large amounts of protein to the deficient diet caused the jaw changes to occur earlier and to be more severe.
Reduced mesiodistal tooth dimension in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta: a cross-sectional study
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2021
L. Staun Larsen, K. J. Thuesen, H. Gjørup, J. D. Hald, M. Væth, M. Dalstra, D. Haubek
According to Kjaer [25], the development of the jaws, including teeth, occur in a number of separate developmental fields. Each of the developmental fields has a common embryological origin, and each of them contains specified tooth types. In the present OI group, the size of molars, in contrast to other tooth types, is nearly unaffected. This observation might be described as a minimal or absent impact of OI on tooth dimension in the palatine developmental field as well as in the posterior part of the mandibular developmental field. The reason for the differentiated impact according to developmental fields remains unclear. However, selection bias could also be involved in the scant effect on the molars, masking the true effect of OI on molars. Considering selection bias, the teeth mostly affected by OI would already have undergone dental treatment or may even have been extracted and consequently not included in the study. Hence, we speculate that the molars in individuals with OI are worse affected than we were able to show.
Meaning and experiences of participation: a phenomenological study with persons with deafblindness in India
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Atul Jaiswal, Heather M. Aldersey, Walter Wittich, Mansha Mirza, Marcia Finlayson
The first author (AJ) interviewed 16 adults with deafblindness between March and May 2017, and asked participants about their preferences for the interview process (e.g., face-to-face, online using communication technology, or with the help of sign language interpreter) that facilitate their independence. We provided interview questions one week in advance to help participants prepare for the interview. Diverse communication modes were used and questions were made accessible to participants with support of communication technology (computers with accessible features [software – Job Enabled Speech software (JAWS)], refreshable braille devices, and magnification features), large prints, braille, print-on-palm, lip reading, and using interpreters for sign language, tactile sign language, and gestures (see Table 3). Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and interview data were managed using NVivo Pro 11 software [54].
Crown heights in the permanent teeth of 47,XXY males and 47,XXX females
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Raija Pentinpuro, Raija Lähdesmäki, Paula Pesonen, Lassi Alvesalo
The measurements of tooth crown heights in the 47,XXY males, their male relatives, the 47,XXX females and their female relatives were made by RL, and the determinations of the teeth in the male and female population controls were performed by RL and RP. The measurement procedures were as detailed in previous work by Lähdesmäki [22] and by Pentinpuro and colleagues [44]. The crown height was the perpendicular distance between two parallel lines, one of which was tangential to the outer edge of the cusp or incisor edge and the other situated between the mesial and distal cement-enamel junctions. The determinations were made to an accuracy of 0.01 mm on both sides of the jaws using a sliding digital calliper (Mitutoyo, digimatic 500–123 U, CD-15B, Andover, England).