China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Application of 5G/6G Smart Systems to Overcome Pandemic and Disaster Situations
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
Jayanta Kumar Ray, Sanjib Sil, Rabindranath Bera, Quazi Mohmmad Alfred
The aim of 5G is to convert real world into smart world. In the smart world, smart city, smart vehicle, smart factory, smart home, etc., are included. The smart world contains various intelligence technologies. The smart world is based on the execution of smart data. Smart data are massive data which are present in the cloud. Another important concept that comes into existence in 5G is Internet of things (IoT). In IoT, any kind of device can be executed with the help of Internet. Basically up to 4G, communication is from human to human. In 5G, the communication will be from human to machine and human to human. From IoT, another new concept arises, which is called Internet of vehicles (IoV). In IoV, the concept of Doppler is included. In the smart world, by applying IoT, many smart environments such as smart factories, smart homes and smart hospitals can be developed; side by side by applying IoV, smart vehicles can be developed. Thus, by applying online mode in factories and vehicular applications, the problems faced during the lockdown in the real world due to COVID-19 will be fulfilled to a large extent in comparison with 4G [9]. In smart factories, mMTC and eMBB are required, and in smart vehicles, eMBB and URLLC are required. So it is expected that 5G [9] can handle not only COVID-19, but any kind of disaster situations such as Amphan and Fani in West Bengal and Odisha. It means that there will be less problems in disaster conditions if 5G technology is applied. On the other hand, the problem will be totally solved if 6G technology is introduced. Nowadays, in many countries, the 5G technology is already introduced. In the future when 6G will be introduced, the world will become smarter than the world of 5G. In 5G smart factories, only the machines can be executed in online mode, but in 6G smart factories, more facilities can be provided than the 5G. On the other hand, 6G will follow the principle of specificity. For example, the operations done by the doctor will become more successful in online mode. In 5G, smart vehicles can be stopped or moved in online mode, but in 6G, smart vehicles will be smarter than the previous stage. As a result, the accident cases will be reduced to nearly zero.
Accuracy Requirements for 3D Dosimetry in Contemporary Radiation Therapy
Published in Ben Mijnheer, Clinical 3D Dosimetry in Modern Radiation Therapy, 2017
Jacob Van Dyk, Jerry J. Battista, Glenn S. Bauman
Such uncertainties in delineation and their downstream dosimetric effects can be mitigated through training interventions to reduce IOV (Vinod et al., 2016). In a systematic review of interventions to reduce IOV, Vinod and coworkers identified 56 studies and found benefits within four broad categories of interventions: written guidelines and protocols (reduced IOV in 7/9 studies), training (8/9 studies), use of automated segmentation tools (6/78 studies), and use of alternative imaging modalities. They found that the benefit of the use of alternative imaging (i.e., PET or MRI) varied by clinical scenario with CT assisting in the definition of seroma cavities (versus fluoroscopy) for breast cancer, PET assisting in reducing IOV in lung cancer, rectal cancer, and lymphoma, and MRI reducing IOV for OAR definition in head and neck cancer. They also highlighted the new uncertainties and possible ambiguity that can be introduced with the introduction of multimodality imaging including registration error, geometric distortion, variable viewing parameters and thresholding for alternative imaging, and emphasized the benefits of interdisciplinary image interpretation and peer review. Similarly, Jeraj et al. (2015) reviewed the potential benefits and pitfalls of molecular imaging for radiation therapy planning and identified a spectrum of complexity for molecular imaging in terms of registration, segmentation, target definition, and motion management issues. In particular, the use of “dose painting” to intensify treatment to tumor subvolumes was discussed. While theoretically attractive, such strategies are subject to the same IOV associated with other GTV delineations along with added uncertainty of interpreting the biologic significance and histopathologic correlations of differential imaging signals on PET and MRI (van Baardwijk et al., 2006). Other systematic reviews of cancer-specific issues for multi-imaging and target delineation interventions are available (see, e.g., van Baardwijk et al., 2006; Ippolito et al., 2008; Gwynne et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2013). In addition, system-level guidelines such as the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCER) Quality Guidelines for Volume Delineation in Radiation Oncology are available and seek to address these issues with multidimensional recommendations for improving contouring quality (Faculty of Radiation Oncology, 2015). Table 2.2 summarizes the RANZCER guidelines.
Impact of particle size of multivesicular liposomes on the embolic and therapeutic effects in rabbit VX2 liver tumor
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Hailing Tang, Changhui Cao, Guangyuan Zhang, Zhengkao Sun
Encapsulation efficiency of ioversol and doxorubicin hydrochloride was calculated by measuring the amount of unencapsulated drugs as compared to the total amount added (Shen et al., 2011). Briefly, 1 mL of prepared MVLs were centrifugated at 100g for 10 min. The superior aqueous phase was extracted, diluted 10 times with alcohol–water (8:2), and then centrifugated at 5000 rpm for 10 min. The concentration of the supernate ioversol was quantified by HPLC analysis as the concentration of free ioversol (Cfree). Another 1 mL of prepared MVL suspension was directly diluted 100 times with alcohol–water (8:2), vortexed for several seconds and centrifugated before analysis. The concentration of total ioversol (Ctotal) was quantified by HPLC analysis as well. The encapsulation efficiency of ioversol (En-iov %) was estimated by the following equation:
Pharmacokinetic modeling analysis of cilostazol and its active metabolites (OPC-13015 and OPC-13213) after multiple oral doses of cilostazol in healthy Korean volunteers
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Ailing Cui, Yo Han Kim, Jong-Lyul Ghim, Jin Ah Jung, Sang-Heon Cho, Sangmin Choe, Hee Youn Choi, Kyun-Seop Bae, Hyeong-Seok Lim
Inter-occasional variabilities (IOVs) were also implemented for various PK parameters based on each period of multiple drug administrations and subsequent concentration observations as follows: IIV is a realized IIV from random variable for unexplained IIV; ηIOVn is a realized IIV from random variable for unexplained IOV, and ns are 1, 2, 3, 4 in this analysis, which was assigned to each period after each dosing during which concentrations are available. In the metabolites PK model for OPC-13015 and OPC-13213, the total clearance (CL) of cilostazol was divided into three parts (OPC-13015, OPC-13213, other) in which the fractions of total CL of cilostazol into the two metabolites were described as following logistic models to confine the metabolic fractions (FM1 and FM2) between 0 and 1:
Reduction of inter-observer contouring variability in daily clinical practice through a retrospective, evidence-based intervention
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
H. M. Patrick, L. Souhami, J. Kildea
Our work also relates to and expands upon a recent study from the HYPRO trial [34]. Using an analysis method similar to our own, Wortel et al. confirmed the existence of prostate contouring IOV between different participating institutions with known protocol variations and showed that these variations influenced anorectal dose and toxicity incidence in patients. In this work, we have gone further and demonstrated that population-based analysis approaches are not only capable of confirming, but detecting IOV at a single institution level in routine clinical practice. Our analysis also extends to and demonstrates applicability for all relevant targets and OARs, not just prostate and rectum.