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Role of Nanostructures in Inhibition and Treatment of Viral Infections
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Pavani Sanapala, Sudhakar Pola
Basic nanocarriers, namely polymeric NPs, are produced by a mixture of natural or synthetic polymers using preparative techniques such as emulsion-diffusion evaporation, salting out method, polymer dispersion, dialysis, coacervation, phase-inversion temperature method, nanoprecipitation, spray drying, supercritical fluid technology and interfacial polymerization (Nagavarma et al. 2012). Polymeric NPs are further classified into nanocapsules and nanospheres based on drug incorporation (detailed in sections 5.2.3.1 and 5.2.3.2). The major benefits of polymeric NPs as nanocarriers are their controlled liberation, enhanced cellular intake, ability to shield the drug from depriving, site-specific delivery, low toxicity, and their capacity to be used as theragnostic (Qian et al. 2017; Ferrari et al. 2018). The characteristics of polymeric NPs have been extensively studied for increasing the efficiency of antiretroviral drugs since polymeric NPs have a high ability to target the monocytes and macrophages of the brain and lymphatic system, which acts as the reservoir for viral dissemination at some stage during HIV infectivity (Edagwa et al. 2014).
Biocatalytic Nanoreactors for Medical Purposes
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Oscar González-Davis, Chauhan Kanchan, Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
Zhao et al. (2011) reported the preparation of redox-responsive protein-based nanocapsules for intracellular delivery of active caspase (CP3). The targeted enzyme was non-covalently encapsulated into a polymeric shell that was interconnected by disulfide-containing cross-linkers via in situ interfacial polymerization. The polymeric shell of these reactors could be dissociated under reducing conditions and release its cargo in the presence of glutathione (GSH) and therefore, delivering the enzymatic cargo to the cytosol. With nanocapsule treatment, apoptosis was induced in a variety of human cancer cell lines. This core-shell concept was further utilized to reversibly encapsulate a maltose-binding protein fused with apoptin (MBP-APO) into water-soluble polymer shells. These sub-100 nm nanocapsules were efficiently internalized by mammalian cell lines with the selective accumulation of rhodamine-labeled apoptin in the nuclei of cancer cells. Intracellular release of apoptin induced tumor-specific apoptosis in several cancer cell lines and inhibited tumor growth in vivo (Zhao et al., 2013).
Advanced Nanoformulation Technologies in Cosmetic Science
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
NP-based delivery systems for cosmetic actives can be prepared as described in the literature using emulsion polymerization, interfacial polymerization, and denaturation or desolvation of the used polymeric materials (Kreuter, 1991), nanoprecipitation (Palacio et al., 2016), and combination methods such as high-pressure emulsification–solvent evaporation (Jaiswal et al., 2004).
Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic polyurethane and poly(methyl methacrylate) microcapsules for the controlled release of methotrexate
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Nusaiba K. Al-Nemrawi, Juliana Marques, Carlos J. Tavares, Rami J. Oweis, Mohamed G. Al-Fandi
Microencapsulation of drugs is one of the new drug delivery systems that aim to administer complex drugs to the target tissue in a more stable and reproducible controlled way. This will increase drug efficiency by promoting a higher activity for prolonged time at the site of action with a minimal dose and side effects. Furthermore, entrapment of a drug into polymeric capsules may prolong the drug duration of action, decrease its toxicity, dosing frequency, and enhance the flexibility of administration [1,2]. Several approaches have been used to fabricate polymeric microcapsules, such as phase-separation, emulsion polymerization, and interfacial polymerization technique [3]. Interfacial polymerization is considered as a facile method to prepare microcapsules. This method involves the condensation reactions between two monomers, where one of the monomers is dissolved in the core material. This method is considered relatively simple, inexpensive with a high degree of control on the final product by varying the reaction parameters [4–6].