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Quality Control of Ayurvedic Medicines
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
V. Remya, Maggie Jo Alex, Alex Thomas
The rate of fermentation can also be tracked by estimating the amount of sugar consumed or the alcohol generated. As a relationship exists between the amount of alcohol generated and the initial concentration of sugar in the fermentation medium, the mass per unit volume (density) can give directly an approximate potential alcohol. The density and potential alcohol are usually marked on the stem of the hydrometer (Ribéreau-Gayon et al. 2006).
H
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Hydrometer Instrument to measure the specific gravity of liquids. Probably discovered by Archimedes (c 287–212 BC). It is mentioned in the letters of Bishop Synesius to Hypatia (c AD 370–415), and Robert Boyle (1627–1691) described one in 1675.
Pufferfish Aquariums
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish, 2017
Specific Gravity: The amount of salt in water is measured by the parameter called specific gravity (SG) with a device called hydrometer. Specific gravity of the fresh water is 1,000, and saltwater has a SG of about 1,025. Brackish water should have a SG ranging between 1,005 and 1,015.
Geochemical speciation and bioaccumulation of trace elements in different tissues of pumpkin in the abandoned soils: Health hazard perspective in a developing country
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md Saiful Islam, Md Kawser Ahmed, Abubakr M. Idris, Khamphe Phoungthong, Md Ahosan Habib, Ramal Ahmed Mustafa
The physicochemical parameters of soil such as pH, EC, %organic carbon, and texture were measured. The pH of soil was measured in 1:2.5 soils to water ratio. The soil/deionized water mixture was stirred with a clean glass rod, and the slurry was allowed to equilibrate for 30 min (Ahmed et al.2012). The pH values were recorded using a Horiba U-23 instrument with the calibration of pH 4.0, pH 7.0 and pH 9.0 standards. For the determination of electrical conductivity (EC), about 5.0 g of soil was taken in 50 ml polypropylene tubes and then 30 ml of distilled water was added. After that, EC was measured using an EC meter (Horiba D-52, France) (Islam et al.2014b). Organic carbon (%) of soil was measured using elemental analyzer (model type: Vario EL III, Elenemtar, Germany). The catalytic combustion was carried out at a temperature level of 1200 °C. The element concentration from the detector signal and the sample weight on the basis of stored calibration curves were measured. Particle size distribution was determined using the hydrometer method (Zhao et al.2014). The soils were classified using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) classification system (gravel [>2 mm], sand [2–0.05 mm], silt [0.05–0.002 mm], and clay [<0.002 mm]).
Toxic metals in agricultural soils near the industrial areas of Bangladesh: ecological and human health risk assessment
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Tapos Kormoker, Ram Proshad, Saiful Islam, Saad Ahmed, Krishno Chandra, Minhaz Uddin, Mahfuzur Rahman
Soil pH was determined by using a glass electrode pH meter (WTW pH 522; Germany). For EC determination, 5.0 g of soil was taken in 50 ml polypropylene tubes and 30 ml of Milli-Q water was added to the tube. The lid was closed properly and was shaken for 5 min. After that, EC was measured using an EC meter (WTW LF 521; Germany). For organic carbon, 1.0 g of soil was placed at the bottom of a dry 500 ml conical flask (Corning/Pyrex). Then 10 ml of 1 N K2Cr2O7 was added into the conical flask and swirled a little. The flask was kept on asbestos sheet. Then 20 ml of concentrated H2SO4 was added into the conical flask and swirled again 2–3 times. The flask was allowed to stand for 30 min and thereafter 200 ml of distilled water was added. After incorporation of 5.0 ml of phosphoric acid and 35 drops of diphenylamine indicator, the contents were titrated against ferrous ammonium sulfate solution till the color flashes blue-violet to green. Simultaneously, a blank titration was run without soil. Particle size was determined using the hydrometer method. The textural classes for different soil samples were then determined by plotting the results on a triangular diagram designed by Marshall followed USDA system. The percentage of sand, silt, and clay were calculated as follows:
Distribution, source identification, ecological and health risks of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Rupsa River, Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ram Proshad, Tapos Kormoker, Saiful Islam
The pH of sediments was measured in 1:2.5 sediment to water ratio. The suspension was allowed to stand overnight prior to pH determination (Abollino et al.2002). The pH was measured using a pH meter with the calibration of pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9 standards. For electrical conductivity (EC) determination, 5.0 g of sediment was taken in 50-ml polypropylene tubes. Then, 30 ml of distilled water was added to the tube. The lid was closed properly and was shaken for 5 min. After that, EC was measured using an EC meter (Horiba D-52). Percent N and C of sediment was measured using elemental analyzer (model type: vario EL III, Elen-emtar, Germany). The textural classes for different soil samples were then determined by plotting the results on a triangular diagram designed by Marshall (1947) followed USDA system. About 50 g of oven-dried soil was taken in a dispersion cup and 10 ml of 5% calgon solution was added to the samples and allowed to soak for 15 min. Then, 90 ml distilled water was added to the cup. The suspension was then stirred with an electrical stirrer for 10 min. The content of the dispersion cup was then transferred to a liter sedimentation cylinder and distilled water was added to make the volume up to the mark. A cork was placed on the mouth of the cylinder and the cylinder was inverted several times until the whole sediment mass appeared in the suspension. The cylinder was set upright and the hydrometer readings were taken at 40 s and 2 h of sedimentation. The corrections of hydrometer readings were made as the hydrometer was calibrated at 68 °F. The percentage of sand, silt and clay were calculated as follows: