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Inequalities in health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Sally Robinson, Athene Lane-Martin, Elisabetta Corvo
The Gini coefficient is a way of showing inequality in income/wealth with a number between nought and one, where nought represents perfect equality and all people/households have equal income. A number one shows that only one individual/household has all the income. The higher the number, the greater the inequality. The Gini index expresses the same, but as a percentage. Recent data show South Africa 63%, United States of America 41.1%, United Kingdom 34.8%, Sweden 28.8% and Slovenia 24.2% (The World Bank, 2019).
Inequality
Published in Chaitra H. Nagaraja, Measuring Society, 2019
He had a dark side as president of two eugenics societies and some ambiguous connections to Mussolini.90 Nevertheless, his eponymous statistic, which he termed the“concentration ratio,” was published in 1914 sparking a new field which is still studied today. 77 Using the Lorenz curve is simply one way, out of many, to compute the Gini coefficient.
G
Published in Alan Earl-Slater, Dictionary of Health Economics, 2018
The Gini coefficient (G) is an estimation of the amount of inequality of a factor across a population. A Gini coefficient of 0 suggests no inequality whereas a Gini coefficient of 1 suggests only one person or organisation has all the factor. The lower the G, the lower the inequality. One factor commonly used is income and so the Gini coefficient can measure the inequality of income in a population. Mathematically, the Gini coefficient is written as follows:
Federal funding allocation on HIV/AIDS research in the United States (2008–2018): an exploratory study using Big Data
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Tianchu Lyu, Shan Qiao, Nicole Hair, Chen Liang, Xiaoming Li
Gini coefficient. After project recognition, the Gini coefficient was calculated to assess the inequality of federal funding on HIV-related projects among different states per year. The Gini coefficient, ranging from zero to one, is widely used in inequality research with a higher score indicating a higher level of inequality (Xie, 2014). In this study, zero means absolute equality and one means absolute inequality of the funding distribution among states. The total costs were first inflated to 2018 US dollars based on data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Then the final total costs used for calculating the Gini coefficient were adjusted by rates of HIV diagnoses, since we assumed that the inequality should be minimal after the adjustment if the federal funding allocation was associated with HIV disease burden.
Haematology in Latin America
Published in Hematology, 2022
Robert Peter Gale, Gregorio Jaimovich
But these data do not tell the entire story, especially in the context of haematological cancers whose diagnoses and therapies are often expensive. How are whatever available health care resources distributed? Latin America has the highest levels of income inequality in the world. The Gini coefficient or index is a statistical measure of economic inequality and income dispersion within a country. A Gini coefficient of 0 (or 0%) means a countries’ wealth is equally shared by its inhabitants whereas a coefficient of 1 (or 100%) means one person has all a countries’ wealth. Several Latin American countries such as Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Peru have Gini coefficients of 40.0–44.9 like the USA (41.4) whereas others such as Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay and Venezuela have Gini coefficients of 45.0-49.9. Uruguay has a Gini coefficient of 39.7, better than the USA. Large EU countries such as the UK, France, Germany and Spain have lower Gini coefficients, 30.0–34.9 whereas Nordic countries such as Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland have coefficients of 25.0–29.9. According to the United Nations Childrens’ Fund (UNICEF), Latin America has the highest net income Gini coefficient globally at 48.3.
The Impact of Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Factors on the Burden of Cataract in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean from 1990 to 2016
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2020
Ebiakpo-Aboere Sonron, Vrijesh Tripathi, Seetharaman Hariharan
The Gini coefficient, Atkinson, Theil and concencentration indices were used as measures of health inequality for this study. The Gini coefficient is calculated based on the Lorenz curve and is seen as an ideal index for measuring the extent of inequality. It ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates perfect equality and 1 indicates perfect inequality.16 The Atkinson index ranges from 0 to 1 where 0 indicates a state of equal distribution.17 The Theil index is a generalised entropy index that ranges from 0 (equal distribution) to infinity.18 The concentration index is a standard measure for evaluating socioeconomic inequalities in health, and is bounded between −1 and 1.19,20 An index value of 0 would indicate an absence of inequality related to socioeconomic characterstics.17 Additionally, the healthcare access and quality (HAQ) index ranges from 0 to 100 and measures the quality and accessibility of healthcare. It is based on 32 causes of death which are seen to be preventable with effective medical care.21 The GHDx results tool was used to obtain index measures for the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2016.