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Magnets for Beam Control and Manipulation
Published in Rob Appleby, Graeme Burt, James Clarke, Hywel Owen, The Science and Technology of Particle Accelerators, 2020
Rob Appleby, Graeme Burt, James Clarke, Hywel Owen
Short period SC undulators can generate higher magnetic fields than the permanent magnet (PM) undulators discussed in Section 4.5, but PM undulators remain the mainstream solution with only a handful of SC examples being used routinely in accelerator-based light sources [34, 35, 36]. The reason that SC undulators are still not the first choice option is in large part due to the extremely successful track record of PM undulators and their ongoing improvement rather than any particular deficiency with SC undulators. Regardless of the progress being made with PM devices, there is still a significant benefit to be gained from using SC materials instead, and it is for this reason that several groups are actively developing short-period, high-field SC undulators [37]. The handful of examples that have been installed into light sources perform extremely well in terms of reliability and stability and there is no reason to doubt that SC undulators will grow in popularity in the future. Indeed, there seems to be a growing view that free-electron laser-based light sources might see the first major installation of these devices in large numbers [38]. As well as increased magnetic field, SC undulators are believed to be several orders of magnitude more resistant to radiation damage than PMs, which is especially important for high bunch repetition rate free-electron lasers.
Laser Principles in Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Lasers that utilize beams of electrons unattached to atoms and spiralling around magnetic field lines were initially developed in 1977 and are important research instruments. Free-electron lasers are tuneable and, in theory, could cover the electromagnetic spectrum from infrared to X-rays. Free-electron lasers could be capable of producing very high power radiation and may have medical applications in the future.
F
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Free Electron Laser A device for producing photon emission beams by passing electrons through a magnetic field. Invented by American physicist, John Madey, around 1972. His invention provided the laser system for precise surgery. See laser.
Small-angle X-ray scattering for the proteomics community: current overview and future potential
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
While technical developments within sample preparation, delivery, measurement, and analysis on synchrotron SAXS beamlines are likely to continue at a rapid pace, it will be interesting to follow at least three additional aspects of the SAXS workflow. Firstly, what role can X-ray free electron lasers play in time-resolved SAXS of biomolecules? Theoretically, it should be possible to follow the kinetics down to the femtosecond timescale. Time-resolved studies on conformational changes induced by post-translational modifications will become possible; thus far, such studies have mainly been done on light-inducible systems [84,85]. Secondly, how can the analysis of SAXS data from membrane proteins be developed and streamlined to produce the most reliable models? Membrane protein complexes are obviously the most coveted targets in integrative structural biology, but they present both practical and theoretical bottlenecks in SAXS analyses. Thirdly, can in-house SAXS instruments be used for high-throughput biomolecular SAXS experiments to an extent that could compete with synchrotron sources, which are currently heavily overbooked and not available to all experimenters? The latter point could lead to a more effective development of local and national lab-based SAXS infrastructures, in addition to international synchrotron sources. A constantly running SAXS facility in the home laboratory allows for effective screening and sample optimization and could be a viable alternative for radiation-sensitive samples. As an important example, it has been demonstrated that SEC-SAXS experiments are possible on an in-house SAXS instrument [31].
An outlook on using serial femtosecond crystallography in drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2019
Alexey Mishin, Anastasiia Gusach, Aleksandra Luginina, Egor Marin, Valentin Borshchevskiy, Vadim Cherezov
The concept of a free electron laser was proposed in 1971 by John Madey at Stanford [25], based on a previously described process of photon generation by free electrons moving in a periodical array of magnets, known as an undulator, by Vitalii Ginzburg [26] and Hans Motz [27]. The first demonstration of FEL-generated infrared radiation was achieved by Madey’s group in 1976, stimulating further intense research work that culminated in commissioning of the first soft XFEL source FLASH (X-ray photon energy <0.2 keV) at DESY in Hamburg in 2005 [28]. A few years later, in 2009, the first hard XFEL (X-ray photon energy up to 10 keV) Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) was opened for user experiments at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park, California [29,30].
The role of women scientists in the development of ultrashort pulsed laser technology-based biomedical research in Armenia
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Gohar Tsakanova, Elina Arakelova, Lusine Matevosyan, Mariam Petrosyan, Seda Gasparyan, Kristine Harutyunyan, Nelly Babayan
The development of ultrashort pulsed electron beam (UPEB) based biomedical research in Armenia became possible after the establishment of CANDLE Synchrotron Research Institute in 2002 where the AREAL (Advanced Research Electron Accelerator Lab) facility was constructed, which is a new laser driven linear accelerator for generating ultrashort relativistic electron pulses for advanced research in the fields of new acceleration concepts, novel radiation sources and applications in ultrafast life and materials sciences. A good perspective of this new approach is the possibility of an incremental upgrade of the facility energy for producing brilliant light via a Free Electron Laser.