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Artificial Intelligence
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, Dave J. Muller, Marcia J. Scherer, Everyday Technologies in Healthcare, 2019
Hadi Mat Rosly, Maziah Mat Rosly
Wearables technology, which includes smartwatches, wristbands, hearing aids, electronic chips, subcutaneous sensors, electronic footwear or clothing constitutes some examples. It uses sensors, apps or remote monitoring that could provide continuous clinical information for physicians with ease. It is an integral part of patient data collection, allowing physiological measurements, recording hemodynamic parameters or alerting scheduled appointments and treatments. These flexible electronics are now increasingly miniaturised, allowing physical ease of carriage and comfort during wear. Sensors integrated in these wearable devices typically contain microprocessors and sensors that are interfaced with a form of data communication detection technology, which includes smartphones, wireless cloud stores and online communication networks. The configuration of these gadgets with AI algorithms can generate real-time medical data that is more comprehensive in profiling. Patient data can be wirelessly transmitted to the medical service or another wearable device, within a closed-loop therapeutic system (Yetisen et al. 2018). Continuous health status measurements such as physical activity levels, blood profiles (i.e. cholesterol, blood sugar or uric acid measurements) and physiological readings (i.e. blood pressure and heart rate) help promote pursuits to a healthier lifestyle.
Sensor-Enabled 3D Printed Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms: Application in Pre-Procedural Planning for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Kan Wang, Chuck Zhang, Ben Wang, Mani A Vannan, Zhen Qian
In conclusion, 3D printed patient-specific tissue-mimicking phantoms have the potential to play a more important role than conventional medical phantoms do in pre-operative assessment. In this chapter, their applications in the prediction of PVL post-TAVR have been explored extensively. The 3D printed phantom potentially provides a practical way to quantitatively assess the distribution of post-TAVR annular strain in vitro, which has proven to be closely associated with the occurrence and severity of PVL. This may lead to a better understanding of the role of the annular calcification in the genesis of PVL, and may be extendable to other transcatheter valve therapies. However, the 3D tissue-mimicking technique described in this chapter is still limited by the material printability and the resolution of 3D printing technologies. Great effort needs to be made to improve the mechanical or even the bio-fidelity of the tissue-mimicking 3D printed phantoms. Combining with the current trend of attachable/printable sensors, such as the flexible electronics, the multifunctional “smart phantoms,” which are equipped with tissue-mimicking, sensing, and actuation capabilities, might become a trend that may eventually shift the paradigm of future healthcare.
Advances in Neuroprosthetics
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
In another study, pressure was directly converted into digital frequency signals using a skin-inspired mechanoreceptor with a low-power flexible organic transistor circuit. Results with mouse somatosensory neurons suggest the device’s potential in designing large-area organic electronic skins with neural-integrated touch feedback for replacement limbs (Tee et al. 2015). Although replicating the mechanical and functional properties of skin remains an evasive goal, flexible electronics—the ability to create complex circuits on soft substrates, including stretchable and flexible, wearable, and epidermal sensors—is gaining momentum, due in part to developments in microcontact printing, inkjet deposition, and organic electronics (Anikeeva and Koppes 2015).
Perspectives on the current developments with neuromodulation for the treatment of epilepsy
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Churl-Su Kwon, Nathalie Jetté, Saadi Ghatan
New strategies to deliver electronics that are less invasive and that have better integration in the brain are expected. Conventional electrodes conform less than 100% to a curved biological surface, are more rigid with a large mismatch in bending stiffness resulting in relative sheer motion, glial scarring and neuron depletion at the probe–brain interface which can lead to suboptimal placement and contact as well as aggravating an immune response to a foreign body [56]. Flexible electronics that conform to non-planar surfaces with targeted delivery to specific regions of the brain are a challenge. Promising innovative technologies exist including syringe-injectable electronics that inject sub-micrometer-thick, centimeter-scale macroporous mesh electronics into brain parenchyma [56]. This device not only exhibits biocompatibility with neuronal recordings at very high spatial and functional resolutions but also demonstrates the capability of compressing such a device small enough to pass through a bore of a syringe. Other neural interface platforms such as neural dust technology is also an exciting new development toward wireless power and communication as well as not relying on electromagnetic energy transfer. This technology uses ultrasonic readouts from millimeter scale piezoelectric motes ‘neural dust’ within neural parenchyma to enable a neural interface platform [57].
Electronically powered drug delivery devices: considerations and challenges
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Guang Liu, Yanli Lu, Fenni Zhang, Qingjun Liu
To further enable closed-loop biosensing and drug delivery system for wound treatment, real-time wound status monitoring and on-demand drug releasing with wearable wound dressing is a necessary strategy. Xu et al. reported an integrated, battery-less, and wireless wound therapeutic patch for detecting wound infection and treatment (Figure 4d) [112]. The use of near-field communication (NFC) technology, whose output voltage was higher than 2.7 V at full load, allowed this patch to harvest energy and transmit data, process signals wirelessly, and control the drug release through the flexible circuit and smartphone (Figure 4e). To validate the biosensing and drug delivery capabilities of this patch, in vivo test was carried out by the integrated sensors to evaluate wound conditions where the wound biomarkers (temperature, pH, and uric acid) was detected simultaneously (Figure 4f). At the same time, the patch releases antibiotics on demand into the wound with the drug-releasing electrodes. The experimental results of the wound model showed that the patch was capable of both biosensing and drug delivery. Utilizing the flexible electronics and NFC technology, closed-loop biosensing and on-demand drug delivery were integrated into the device. The energy and signal can be wirelessly and stably transmitted, which provides a good model for wearable therapeutic devices. The biosensing integrated drug delivery system enables multiparameter detection and on-demand drug release. Recent advances have made these devices more intelligent and cheaper to manufacture. Despite the maturity of these devices, further research and development, especially in drug-loading materials designing and achievable closed-loop systems, are still required.
3D printing technology in healthcare: applications, regulatory understanding, IP repository and clinical trial status
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Dipak Kumar Gupta, Mohd Humair Ali, Asad Ali, Pooja Jain, Md. Khalid Anwer, Zeenat Iqbal, Mohd. Aamir Mirza
Yuk et al. used a high performance 3D- printable conducting polymer ink formulated on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulphonate for construction of conducting polymers. High resolution and enhanced aspect ratio microstructures were obtained which could be consolidated with insulating elastomers using composite 3D- printing. They further could be generated into delicate hydrogel microstructures with high conductivity. Conducting polymers find extensive applications in bioelectronics, energy storage, flexible electronics, biomedical engineering and food industry [100]