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A ‘Biomaterial Cookbook’: Biochemically Patterned Substrate to Promote and Control Vascularisation in Vitro and in Vivo
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Katie M. Kilgour, Brendan L. Turner, Augustus Adams, Stefano Menegatti, Michael A. Daniele
Myriad analytical techniques are now available for supporting the development of biomaterial scaffolds. Techniques for probing the chemistry in bulk include gel permeation or gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (Pradhan, Rajamani, Agrawal, Dash, & Samal, 2017), whereas the analysis of surface chemistry employs time of flight secondary ionisation mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation time of flight and infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (Kingshott, Andersson, McArthur, & Griesser, 2011). Bulk morphological properties are probed via dynamic light scattering, X-ray and neutron scattering, X-ray diffraction (Bose & Bandyopadhyay, 2013), and scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy, whereas surface topology is typically probed high-resolution of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and laser scanning microscopy (Merrett, Cornelius, McClung, Unsworth, & Sheardown, 2002). Currently, cell response is evaluated via immunohistochemical staining, SEM imaging, and gene expression assays to evaluate cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenic activity (Łopacińska et al., 2012). The collective work suggests promise for 3D engineered hydrogels with controlled heterogeneity and controlled cell behaviour.
How Nanoparticles Are Generated
Published in Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari, Advances in Nanopathology From Vaccines to Food, 2021
Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari
In about 330 cases of soldiers with cancer whose biopsy or autopsy findings we have analysed, lymphoma is by far the most frequent variety. In all cases, solid, inorganic and non-biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles were present in the analysed tissues as is the case here shown by electron microscopy photographs and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) graphs. Stainless steel (iron-chromium-nickel), titanium and tungsten are elements which are commonly found in this type of finding. It is not uncommon to find gold, an element used for war purposes, as a component.
Structural Investigation of Bio-Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles Using Honey
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Prerana B. Kane, Priyanka Jagtap, Ravindra D. Kale
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used for the confirmation of copper element giving its characteristic signal in the range of 8 keV (Fig. 11.9), which is typical for the metallic copper nano-crystallites [36].
Gelatin hydrogel/contact lens composites as rutin delivery systems for promoting corneal wound healing
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Lianghui Zhao, Xia Qi, Tao Cai, Zheng Fan, Hongwei Wang, Xianli Du
The transparency of the rutin-encapsulated gelatin hydrogel/contact lenses was assessed by placing the lenses on a white paper bearing a black letter ‘A’. The optical transmittance of contact lenses was measured by an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (SpectraMax M2, Molecular Devices, MD, USA) at 50 nm intervals in the wavelength range of 250–800 nm. The swelling performance was evaluated by immersing the dried contact lenses in deionized water. The swelling ratio was calculated with the following equation: swelling ratio (%) = (Wt−Wd)/Wd, where Wt and Wd represent the wet weight and dry weight, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a TA SC-TGA Q600 (USA), and Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis (FTIR) was measured by Bruker Tensor II (Germany). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping was recorded by Merlin Compact (ZEISS, Germany). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was collected using ESCALAB 250Xi XPS spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).
Proteomes of the past: the pursuit of proteins in paleontology
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Neither infrared spectroscopy nor SHG imaging can as yet rapidly screen bone samples or regions within a bone most likely to preserve primary protein. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) examines the distribution of elements at various points of an exposed bone surface. EDS can identify the elemental composition of original bone mineral, as opposed to secondary mineralization, to explore general bone contexts that suggest likelihood of original bone protein preservation. It has been used as an independent verification of molecular techniques, and could be used to verify other spectroscopic, microscopic, and spectrometric techniques when applied to the same samples. In addition, the elemental mapping potential of EDS would more comprehensively establish the composition of the sample material.
Homogeneity of amorphous solid dispersions – an example with KinetiSol®
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Scott V. Jermain, Dave Miller, Angela Spangenberg, Xingyu Lu, Chaeho Moon, Yongchao Su, Robert O. Williams
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a widely-utilized technique to characterize particle morphology of amorphous solid dispersions by using a monochromatic electron beam to probe the surface and near-surface areas of materials [35]. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is often combined with SEM (SEM/EDS) and is able to provide semi-quantitative identification of elemental information for the area ionized by the SEM beam [36]. The X-ray photons escape from depths of several µm within the sample upon excitation from the SEM beam, so the EDS technique is considered to be sensitive to surface and near-surface elements in the sample [35]. When combined with the SEM beam, a two-dimensional image can be created that maps the elemental distribution across the sample [37]. By identifying an element or elements unique to the drug of interest, SEM/EDS can be utilized to evaluate homogeneous dispersion of a drug-polymer system at a spatial resolution of several µm [35,37].