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Essential Oils in Cancer Therapy
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Carmen Trummer, Gerhard Buchbauer
A cell line is a population of cells descended from a single cell containing the same genetic material (Alberts et al., 2002). Human cancer-derived cell lines are substantial models that are commonly used in laboratories to examine the biology of cancer and to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents (Sharma et al., 2010). The first cultured cancer cell line was HeLa (taken from Henrietta Lacks) in 1951 (Scherer et al., 1953). From that time on, hundreds of cancer cell lines have been developed and propagated. There are two different types of production processes, either in vitro as monolayer cultures or in vivo as xenografts in mice (Mattern et al., 1988).
Cellular and Viral Oncogenes
Published in Pimentel Enrique, Oncogenes, 2020
Thus, it is likely that the transformation events occurring in NIH/3T3 cells after DNA transfection are not a simple consequence of activation of a transfected proto-oncogene, and it has been demonstrated that fibroblast immortality is a prerequisite for transformation by oncogene products in vitro.135 Immortality of cell lines, itself, is probably a phenotypic trait that may result from different events, or set of events, occurring in the genetic program that limits the division of normal cell populations.136 Experimental induction of cell fusion between immortal cell lines of different origin may result in hybrids with finite division capacity. Thus, the events leading to cellular immortality are recessive and heterogenous at the genetic level. Sublines of NIH/3T3 cells cultured in different laboratories may exhibit great variation in susceptibility to transformation in transfection experiments.137 Moreover, certain sublines of mouse 3T3 cells may be tumorigenic, as can be shown when these cells are attached to glass beads and injected into mice, which results in the appearance of malignant hemangioendotheliomas.138 Thus, it is clear that NIH/3T3 cells should be considered at least as premalignant cells.
The Basis of Moral Standing in Debates on Defining Death, Abortion, Stem Cells, and Animal Welfare
Published in Robert M. Veatch, Laura K. Guidry-Grimes, The Basics of Bioethics, 2019
Robert M. Veatch, Laura K. Guidry-Grimes
Critics of the use of embryonic stem cells may argue that the possibility that some good could come from the destruction of the embryos will necessarily add a benign aura to the moral wrong of the original destruction and thus change the moral calculation about obtaining the cells. They may see this as condoning the moral wrong. The one who is using the stem cells so obtained is sometimes said to be “cooperating” in the evil of destroying the embryo. There remains some controversy among those who oppose the destruction of embryos whether it would be unethical to participate in research on cell lines or in therapies generated by the use of such cell lines. Even if the one who is conducting the research had nothing to do with the embryo destruction and was far removed from such activity, there are those who would argue that benefiting down the line would constitute a kind of cooperation that would be unacceptable.
The latest advances in high content screening in microfluidic devices
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Weiyu Liu, Jingyu Wang, Huibo Qi, Qisen Jiao, Lei Wu, Yu Wang, Qionglin Liang
The kidney is an important excretory organ that plays a crucial role in maintaining osmolality and natural homeostasis in the human body. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which removes metabolites from the body via urine while retaining water and other nutrients through reabsorption [119–121]. Prior to clinical usage, new medications must be tested for effectiveness and safety, and preliminary tests for nephrotoxicity in animals are typical of such evaluations. However, animal studies are generally species-specific, time-consuming, costly, and do not accurately predict human nephrotoxicity. Additionally, animal studies are frequently associated with ethical issues [122,123]. While the ex vivo usage of cell lines reduces the ethical problems, some of these cell lines are derived from animals, and both human- and animal-derived immortalized cell lines are unable to completely recreate the structure and function of their native counterparts. Consequently, the development of a model that mimics the physiological outcome and function of the kidney in vivo is particularly important for both the drug screening and drug development.
Suitability of transiently expressed antibodies for clinical studies: product quality consistency at different production scales
Published in mAbs, 2022
Sara Rodriguez-Conde, Sophie Inman, Viv Lindo, Leanne Amery, Alison Tang, Uche Okorji-Obike, Wenjuan Du, Berend-Jan Bosch, Paul J. Wichgers Schreur, Jeroen Kortekaas, Isabel Sola, Luis Enjuanes, Laura Kerry, Katharina Mahal, Martyn Hulley, Olalekan Daramola
The most appropriate expression host depends on the particular protein being expressed, but mammalian cells are preferred for the production of complex proteins due to their inherent capacity to perform post-translational modifications.3 Two of the most commonly used mammalian cell lines are human embryonic kidney (HEK) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.4 Historically, both cell lines have been used to produce small amounts (milligrams to grams) of therapeutic proteins at early research stages. However, for manufacturing at later drug development stages, stable CHO cell lines are the preferred option due to their regulatory track record, capacity for high levels of protein expression, and successful scale-up to 10,000 L bioreactors.5 Therefore, using CHO cells for TGE has the advantage of using the same host cell type that is eventually used for stable cell-line development. This is important as, by maintaining the same host cell type from early development stages to manufacturing, product quality characteristics are more likely to be conserved.6 Finally, using CHO cells has a lower risk of introducing human viruses in the process compared to using human cell lines.3
Recent advances in cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Lea Nikolić, Chiara Ferracin, Giuseppe Legname
Elucidation of pathological mechanisms underpinning human prion diseases, using appropriate cellular or cell-based platforms, will yield novel therapeutic targets and more effective therapies to counteract this highly heterogeneous group of diseases. Unfortunately, no anti-prion drug has so far proved to be effective in humans. The reasons for that are multiple: the presence of different strains, the ability of prions to adapt to drugs treatments, the existence of species barrier, and the lack of easily accessible, physiologically relevant models. As stated before, immortalized cell lines are a highly artificial model, often produced through manipulations of their culture conditions. This in turn leads to pronounced differences between the physiological state of a cell line and the cell type they derive from. In spite of their weaknesses, cell lines still seem to be the best option for early drug discovery in screening campaigns employing large compound libraries. Another rapid and cost-effective platform to screen for anti-prion compounds is yeasts. The utility of yeasts as a drug screening platform can be exemplified by a yeast-based assay employed by Du and colleagues to screen ~ 17.000 putative anti-prion therapeutics [113]. As this assay utilizes yeast prions, a subsequent confirmation in mammalian models is always required.