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The Silver Lining
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Mark R Frey, Misty Good, Steven J. McElroy
Absorptive enterocytes make up the majority of the cells of the epithelial monolayer (9, 63). They are polarized simple columnar epithelial cells with a well-ordered luminal brush border consisting of microvilli and an associated glycocalyx (64). The brush border serves as a second-order multiplier of surface area (the first being the folded crypt villus structure of the epithelium overall) and is a storage and release site for secreted material such as digestive enzymes (65–67). Enterocytes participate in a variety of critical functions for the host, including nutrient absorption, innate immune surveillance (68, 69), regulation of water and ion/salt balance, and maintenance of the physical barrier between the body proper and the lumen of the gut, which is topologically “outside” the organism.
Paediatric clinical pharmacology
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
The co-administration of grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of drugs usually metabolised by CPY 3 A4. Grapefruit juice inhibits this enzyme, both at the brush border and the liver [1]. The inhibition at the brush border appears to be highly significant. Drugs affected include cisapride and ciclosporin. The effect may be exacerbated by the concomitant use of other CYP 3A4 inhibitors.
Macromolecular Absorption From The Digestive Tract In Young Vertebrates
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
Brush-border and vesicle membranes also differ in thickness,1157 the brush-border membrane being thicker (9.6 nm) than the membrane of tubules and vesicles (5.6 nm).1480 The glycocalyx from the outer surface of brush-border membrane continues on the inner surface of tubules and vesicles, in a thickness of approximately 8 nm. By comparing the type of brush-border and vesicle membranes, it was concluded1480 that the membrane type changes at the intermicrovillus pores and that the membrane of tubules and vesicles is of a transitional type between extra- and intracellular membranes. A microvillus-type glycocalyx lines a membrane which is similar in thickness to the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and it also has unique appendages in the form of knobs in a lattice-like arrangement.
The effects of apelin-13 against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Atilla Topcu, Sinan Saral, Tolga Mercantepe, Kerimali Akyildiz, Levent Tumkaya, Adnan Yilmaz
Examination of the control group kidney tissue sections under light microscopy revealed a normal structure in the epithelial cells of the renal corpuscles and tubules (Table 2; Figures 1(A,B), 2(A,B); median RHDS: 0 (0–1)). Similarly, typical glomerular (g) and tubular epithelial cells were observed in the kidney tissue sections from the AP-13 only group (Table 2; Figures 1(C,D), 2(C,D); median RHDS: 1 (0–1)). In contrast, necrotic tubules associated with diffuse vacuolization in the cytoplasm of tubular epithelial cells were detected in the kidney tissue sections from the CP group. Loss of brush border in the proximal tubule was particularly conspicuous. Widespread leukocyte infiltrations and fibrosis formations were also observed in interstitial areas (Table 2; Figures 1(E,F), 2(E,F); median RHDS: 9 (8–9.5)). Light microscopy examination of the CP + Apelin-13 group kidney sections displayed normal tubular epithelial cells, along with a small number of necrotic tubular epithelial cells. The brush border structure of the proximal tubule cells was clearly visible. Nonetheless, the inflammation in the interstitial area was reduced (Table 2; Figures 1(G,H), 2(G,H); median RHDS: 2 (0.5–2)).
Mesenchymal stem cells microvesicles versus granulocytes colony stimulating factor efficacy in ameliorating septic induced acute renal cortical injury in adult male albino rats (Histological and Immunohistochemical Study)
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Zeinab M Alazouny, Nabila M Alghonamy, Samar R Mohamed, Sara M Abdel Aal
Sections of the renal cortex of the control (I) group showed a strong positive reaction at the brush border of the tubular cells. A Positive reaction was also seen at glomerular capillaries, renal corpuscles, and tubules basement membranes (Figure 5a). Sections of the induced sepsis group (II) revealed a weak PAS reaction at the brush border of most of PCT. Some tubules revealed complete loss of the brush border. A moderate positive reaction was detected in some glomeruli (Figure 5b). The G-CSF group revealed that some tubules showed lost reaction while other tubules showed moderate interrupted positive reaction at the brush border (Figure 5c). In the MSC-MVs group (IV), a strong positive reaction was detected at the brush border of most proximal convoluted tubules, with moderate interrupted reaction in some areas (Figure 5d).
Management of multiple myeloma bone disease: impact of treatment on renal function
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2018
Nikolaos Kanellias, Maria Gavriatopoulou, Evangelos Terpos, Meletios Athanasios Dimopoulos
The mechanism of renal impairment caused by ZOL seems to differ from that of PAM [32]. In a small case series of six patients who developed acute kidney injury with ZOL, kidney biopsies revealed toxic acute tubular necrosis, while there was no evidence of glomerular damage [85]. Therefore, patients with AKI related to ZOL may develop creatinine increase without proteinuria [85]. Under electron microscopy, tubular cells show loss of brush border. Additional findings included tubular cell degeneration and apoptosis [46,85]. However, the exact mechanism of renal impairment has not yet been elucidated. Many authors suggest that the effect of ZOL in the tubular cells is similar to the effect it has on osteoclasts. ZOL can interfere in the development of the cytoskeletal structure via the ATP-dependent metabolic pathway [86].