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Bioelectromagnetic dosimetry
Published in James R. Nagel, Cynthia M. Furse, Douglas A. Christensen, Carl H. Durney, Basic Introduction to Bioelectromagnetics, 2018
James R. Nagel, Cynthia M. Furse, Douglas A. Christensen, Carl H. Durney
A number of government regulations impact the design of EM devices. The first is the allowable frequency. Applications that are used external to the body or for short periods of time (hyperthermia treatment, pain control, and cardiac ablation, for example) utilize the industrial, scientific, and medical bands (433, 915, and 2450 MHz) in both the United States and Europe. Higher frequencies have the advantage of smaller antenna or applicator sizes, but the disadvantage of lower depths of power penetration within the body. Implantable medical devices that are meant to stay in the body for a long period have been allocated several bands of their own ranging from 401 to 457 MHz in the United States, the Medical Device Radiocommunications Service with a similar Medical Implant Communication Services (MICS)/Medical Data Service specification in Europe and the rest of the world. Body-worn devices have been allocated the Medical Body Area Network band of 2360–2390 MHz for indoor use in health care facilities. For all of these frequency allocations, the bandwidth is limited (300 kHz for MICS), which limits these devices to low data rate applications (no video). Power is also limited (to 25 μW equivalent radiated power for MICS), which limits the range of these devices.
Sensors, Monitoring and Model-Based Data Analysis in Sports, Exercise and Rehabilitation
Published in Daniel Tze Huei Lai, Rezaul Begg, Marimuthu Palaniswami, Healthcare Sensor Networks, 2016
Jurgen Perl, Daniel Memmert, Arnold Baca, Stefan Endler, Andreas Grunz, Mirjam Rebel, Andrea Schmidt
An overview of the system is depicted in Figure 14.1. Sensors, either carried by the person or mounted onto the sports equipment, are used to measure different parameters like the heart rate, velocity or reactive forces of the exercising person. Wireless sensors that use the ANT+ connectivity solution (extension of the ANT protocol; Dynastream Innovations, Cochrane Alberta, Canada) for communication may be integrated. Moreover, by using a NEON (Spantec, Linz, Austria), a sensor platform with ANT+ interoperability (DAQ device in Figure 14.1), for the acquisition of analogue or digital sensor signals (e.g., from accelerometers or strain gauges), the range of supported sensor types can be broadened. By utilizing this wireless body area network (WBAN) based on the ANT protocol (cf. Kusserow, Amft, and Tröster 2009, who use similar components) the measured sensor data are transmitted to a mobile device (e.g., a smart phone). The required ANT interface to the mobile device may be provided by a USB-to-ANT adapter. The (preprocessed) data are then transmitted to an application server using wireless communication technologies (UMTS, HSUPA). From these data, feedback and/or exercising instructions are generated and sent back to the exercising person. The feedback may thus be based on a variety of parameter values characterizing the motion technique and the individual performance. It is either automatically generated by a server application or individually provided by an expert, a coach or a teacher. Coaches viewing this information on a laptop can give appropriate instructions; experts (e.g., doctors) make critical decisions on the person’s safety. Feedback may be given not only at the training site but also from remote locations.
Protecting the Internet of medical things: A situational crime-prevention approach
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2018
Murugan Anandarajan, Sarah Malik
In the perception layer, the system aims to acquire, collect, and process the data from the physical environment. The system consists of two parts: the sensor device and the wireless sensor networks (Zhu, Wang, Chen, Liu, & Qin, 2010). In Phase 1 of Figure 4, each sensor node is made up of four basic components: a sensing unit, a processing unit, a transceiver unit, and a power unit (Akyildiz, Su, Sankarasubramaniam, & Cayirci, 2002). The transceiver unit is responsible for connecting the sensor node to the network. The goal is to connect the RFID reader to an RF transceiver that can forward information to and from the reader over distances of approximately 100 or 200 meters, depending on which RF transceiver that is used (Englund & Wallin, 2004). Various naming conventions such as Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), Body Area Network (BAN), or Body Sensor Network (BSN) are used for the connectivity of body sensors. The nodes in a wireless sensor network need to communicate among themselves to transmit data in single or multi-hop sensor networks to a base station (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic, & Palaniswami, 2013). A wireless sensor network (WSN) generally consists of a base station (or “gateway”) that can communicate with a number of wireless sensors. Data are collected at the wireless sensor node, compressed, and transmitted to the gateway directly or if required, use other wireless sensor nodes to forward the information to the gateway. The transmitted data are then presented to the system via the gateway connection (Wilson, 2004).
Smartphone and wearable diagnostics
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Berin Ozdalgic, Ali K. Yetisen, Savas Tasoglu
Primarily driven by quantified-self movement, the desire to have healthy lifestyles has led to the widespread use of smartwatches that monitor physical signals such as daily activity, number of steps, and heart rate [7]. Additionally, in early diagnosis, the examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity is critical for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers [8]. Smartphone applications connected to wearable devices can provide a platform for accessible diagnostics that can be deployed in epidemics, resource-limited settings, or for well-being purposes to increasingly replace conventional laboratory tests. In addition, AI-based technologies, high-power computation, and storage features are being developed in smartphones for the provision of remote consultations with their medical professionals. Their other applications include nutrition and therapy monitoring in both acute and chronic conditions. With the rapid advances in microfluidics, hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, and 1D nanotubes/nanowires, it has become possible to apply wearable sensors to various body parts to continually collect data from multiple sensors in a body area network [9]. The outputs from multiple sensors allow the measurements of diverse biomarkers in different biological fluids (e.g. interstitial fluid, tears, sweat, or saliva) in a non- or minimally invasive manner. For example, biomarkers (e.g. pH, electrolytes, and glucose) in tear fluid can be detected with contact lens sensors [10,11]. Similarly, pH, proteins, and electrolytes in interstitial fluid can be measured with dermal tattoos [12,13] and electronic skin [14]. Recent studies have shown the potential of mouthguards for the detection of biomarkers in saliva [15,16]. With the help of wearable devices, a wide range of conditions can be monitored, including sexually transmitted diseases [17] and COVID-19 [18]; as well as metabolic and systemic diseases, such as cancers [19], diabetes [20], dry eye syndrome [21], and Parkinson’s disease [22].