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Detection Assays and Techniques Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Shahzad Sharif, Maham Saeed, Javed Hussain Shah, Sajjad Hussain, Ahmad Adnan, Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz
Main developed biochip is made up of a sensitive part towards bio-folding arrangements as well as miniaturization configuration. These biosensors may identify HIV bio-markers in only 5 minutes utilizing a 6 µL plasma sample, it increases the chances of the next level of quick, point-of-care, and cost-effective detection for restrict HIV virus. Main biosensor was manufactured as well for the detection of RT-PCR result of dengue fever type 2. It proceeds by detection of less than 10 fM within 30 minutes which was 3 times less in magnitude than that gained through probes 32P-labeled and 4 times less in magnitude than that obtained through the staining of ethidium bromide. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the initial diagnosis is important for treatment. Even though molecular techniques and culture-based procedures are usually utilized in the clinical identification of diseases, recently introduced microfluidic biosensors are identified to portability, cheapness, high accuracy, fast response, low sample consumption, high reproducibility, high throughput parallel processing and easy application. Hence, microfluidic biosensors can follow the WHO guidelines “ASSURED” (able to afford, Specific, Sensitivity, In use friendly, active, and sturdy, Free Equipment, Easy to deliver to the user) that have excellent potential for SARS-CoV2 identification, in important COVID-19 diagnosis [123]. Although, more energy must be put into improving specificity and sensitivity, reducing manufacturing time, enhancing stability, and lowering detection period to control virus.
Therapeutic Strategies and Future Research
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
Integrated biochips are now commercially available, integrating biotechnology with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), optics and electronics, imaging, and processing in a miniaturized hybrid system (Vo-Dinh 2003). The term biochip is synonymous in this context with the IUPAC definition of biosensor: “a self-contained integrated device, which is capable of providing specific quantitative or semiquantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor), which is retained in direct spatial contact with a transduction element.”
Historical Perspectives and Technological Breakthroughs
Published in Harry F. Tibbals, Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 2017
Antibodies can be generated by exposure of mammalian immune systems to any number of antigens. Like DNA and RNA, antibodies can be used as macromolecular templates to recognize and bind to other selected molecules. Antibodies or DNA segments can be fixed onto biochip substrates and used to search for matching complimentary molecules with sensitivity, specificity, and discrimination, even in complex mixtures of similar molecules. Readout of the biochip can be with optical, electronic, or chemical indicators.
Acute radiation syndrome drug discovery using organ-on-chip platforms
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Vijay K. Singh, Thomas M. Seed
The rapid rise in publications and funding from various sources demonstrate great interest in these organ-on-chips technologies across different disciplines of drug development using various, target-specific platforms. Although there are multifaceted challenges for the biochip platforms, the primary one may simply be due to an under appreciation of the strength of these systems in evaluating basic biological problems and processes. The insufficiency of information regarding tissue stability over long periods of time and the results of toxicological evaluation certainly contribute to these blossoming technologies being undervalued [67]. Although an optimal human-on-a-chip (body-on-a-chip) platform with various organs of the human body connected on a device may not be available in the immediate future, multi-organ-on-a-chip technology has already opened a real possibility for such a system to be developed.
Drug delivery and targeting to brain tumors: considerations for crossing the blood-brain barrier
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Yadollah Omidi, Nazanin Kianinejad, Young Kwon, Hossein Omidian
Collectively, the irregular settings of the BBB and BCSFB in brain tumors can make drug delivery and targeting to the brain a tricky challenge. All the possible assumptions need to be entirely addressed using much more robust technologies such as organ-on-a-chip and brain-on-a-chip devices, which can serve as cost-efficient and reliable tools to mimic the exact condition of the human NVU. These biochip tools can provide great possibilities for miniaturized exploratory screening to find new drug compounds. Further, by taking the advantages of artificial intelligence technologies for the computational simulation and in silico and combining it with biochips, it is envisioned to get the capability of developing safer and more effective therapies against brain malignancies as well as other types of CNS diseases.
Different drug metabolism behavior between species in drug-induced hepatotoxicity: limitations and novel resolutions
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
The biochip is a crystallization of the combination of DNA hybridization probe technology and semiconductor industry technology, which stems from a modified form of photolithographic (PDMS) etching. PDMS-based microfluidic devices are biocompatible, and being transparent in nature, are amenable to optical imaging techniques to visualize the biological samples. It contains hepatocytes and NPCs interconnected by a microfluidic network. It allows the control of microfluidic flows for dynamic cultures, by continuous feeding of nutrients to cultured cells and waste removal (Xu et al.2013, Bhatia and Ingber 2014, Rennert et al.2015, Zhang et al.2017) (Figure 3(B)).