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Serological Typing of HLA-A, -B, and -C Antigens
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
To 72 g Ficoll powder add approximately 900 to 950 ml of distilled water and 8 ampoules of Isopaque. The mixture is then left to stand overnight at room temperature or until the Ficoll powder has dissolved. Test the density of the mixture using a hydrometer. If the density is >1.080 more water is added, and if below, more Ficoll is added. Dispense the solution into 100 ml aliquots and sterilize by autoclaving.
Surgical Facilities, Peri-Operative Care, Anesthesia, and Surgical Techniques
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Alison C. Smith, M. Michael Swindle
All surgical instruments and bioimplants must be sterilized either by autoclaving or ethylene oxide sterilization. Instrument packs should be prepared to allow adequate air removal and steam penetration of the package during autoclaving. They should be double wrapped and external chemical indicators should be used on all packs, regardless of sterilization method. Efficacy of specific steam sterilization cycles should be monitored using biological indicators.
Infection Control
Published in Ravi Gupta, S. R. Pandi Perumal, Ahmed S. BaHammam, Clinical Atlas of Polysomnography, 2018
Ravi Gupta, S. R. Pandi Perumal, Ahmed S. BaHammam
The other common sources of infection include the nasal cannula, mask of PAP, and hosepipe of the PAP machine. It is essential that the nasal cannula is changed after every sleep study. Since the mask and the hosepipe are expensive items and cannot be discarded so often, they should be sent for autoclaving after each use. Mask straps can also transmit infection as they are applied directly to the patient’s skin/ hair. They should also be washed after each use.
Bioavailability enhancement of voriconazole using liposomal pastilles: Formulation and experimental design investigation
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Srinivas Lankalapalli, Venkata Deepthi Vemuri, V S Vinai Kumar Tenneti, Purnachandra Reddy Guntaka
The required quantity of 480 mg potato dextrose broth powder was exactly weighed and added to 20 ml of purified water and this broth solution was subjected to sterilization for 15 min by autoclave. The condition for autoclaving was 121 °C, 15 lb pressure and after sterilization, the broth medium was cooled to room temperature. The microbial culture C. albicans were inoculated to the broth medium under a sterile laminar airflow cabin. Then the medium was mixed thoroughly to ensure uniform distribution of microbes and transferred to Petri plates of 6 inches diameter and allowed for solidification. In each cavity containing 10 mm diameter, 50 µl of standard voriconazole pure drug solution of concentration 1 µg/ml and 5 µg/ml was added. In the same manner, 50 µl of all the test formulations were added to the cavities of Petri plates at the drug concentration of 1 µg/ml and 5 µg/ml. The sterile buffer of pH 1.2 i.e., 0.1 N HCl was added to one plate as a blank. These plates were left untouched for 30 min to ensure the diffusion of the drug and incubated at 27 °C in an incubator for 48 h and the diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of iloperidone-loaded lipid nanoemulsions via oral route of administration
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Arjun Narala, Dinesh Suram, Kishan Veerabrahma
All the formulations were found to be stable during dilution stress testing, as no significant changes were noticed (Table 4). The prepared LNEs were subjected to centrifugal stress. The creaming volume percentages of the formulations ranged from 97.22 ± 0.19 to 97.88 ± 0.19% and are shown in Table 5. Further, thermal stability was tested by autoclaving. The data are given in Table 6. From the results obtained, all the formulations were found to be relatively stable due to their high percentages of creaming volume. All the four formulations were found stable at autoclaving temperature during thermal stress testing, because there was no phase separation, no significant differences in size, PDI, zeta potential, and assay before and after autoclaving. Of all four LNE formulations, LNE-IL4 was considered as optimized based on the higher ZP, EE, assay, and maximum cumulative drug release and further low PDI of globules. Finally, during storage also no appreciable changes were noted in the optimized LNE formulation (LNE-IL4) for a period of 3 months indicating that the LNE was fairly stable up on storage at room temperature (25 °C) and refrigerated temperature (4 °C) (Table 7).
Latanoprost niosomes as a sustained release ocular delivery system for the management of glaucoma
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Dina Fathalla, Ehab A. Fouad, Ghareb M. Soliman
Two groups of rabbits were used, each consisting of six rabbits. Group I was administered blank niosomal PL gel while group II received latanoprost-loaded niosomal PL gel having drug concentration of 0.005%. The glassware used in this test was sterilized by autoclaving. Ocular irritation test was carried out according to the Modified Draize Test [29]. Aliquot (50 µl) of the tested preparation was administered into the lower cul-de-sac of the right eye of each rabbit. The left eye had no treatment and served as a control. The eyelids were gently held together for about 10 s to avoid loss of the administered formulation. Next, the eyes of each rabbit were examined regularly for signs of irritation (redness, discharge, conjunctival chemosis, iris, and corneal lesions) at various time intervals up to 24 h. Ocular irritation was ascertained by assigning a score from 0 to 4 with 0 meaning no irritation and 4 indicating severe irritation [30,31]. The ocular irritation index (Iirr) was taken as the sum of the scores obtained for each criterion. Clinically significant irritation was considered to happen when having a score of 2 or 3 in any category or Iirr more than 4 [31].