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Infectious Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Susanna J. Dunachie, Hanif Esmail, Ruth Corrigan, Maria Dudareva
When bacteria grow on agar plates, the species can then be identified using biochemical tests. Biochemical kits such as the ‘API’ system can be used, but many laboratories now use automated systems. MALDI-TOF uses mass spectrometry to identify bacteria, while the VITEK system is an automated platform for bacterial diagnosis by biochemical testing followed by automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST).
Microbiology
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Katherine Belfield, Roger Bayston
A standard sample of urine is inoculated onto blood agar.Cysteine-lactose -electrolyte-deficient (CLED) or chromogenic agar and incubated overnight at 37°C.Cultures on chromogenic agar help identity bacteria and further tests might then be needed.Additional agar plates can be added based on microscopy or clinical details.Example: if yeast cells are seen by microscopy, a Sabouraud agar plate can be added to detect Candida.
Rapid Methods in Cosmetic Microbiology
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
First, the time to recover microorganisms is relatively long. Days or weeks may elapse before microorganisms are visually observed, and confluent growth on an agar plate may prevent individual microbial colonies from being isolated, necessitating sub-culturing onto additional media, delaying the time to result even further. And the longer it takes to confirm the presence of microorganisms, the longer it takes to confirm the microbiological safety of a product. This is especially true for the cosmetic industry, in which the concentration and specific type of microorganisms must be assessed before a product batch can be released for distribution to consumers.
Plumbagin inhibits quorum sensing-regulated virulence and biofilms of Gram-negative bacteria: in vitro and in silico investigations
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Faizan Abul Qais, Mohammad Shavez Khan, Iqbal Ahmad, Fohad Mabood Husain, Abdulaziz Abdullah Al-kheraif, Mohammed Arshad, Pravej Alam
The MIC of plumbagin against all the test bacteria was determined using TTC as the growth indicator dye, as TTC has been recommended for the determination of MIC of coloured compounds including plant extracts (Eloff 1998). In short, test bacteria were grown for 18 h in the absence and presence of different concentrations of plumbagin in 96-well polystyrene plates. For P. aeruginosa PAO1 and S. marcescens MTCC 97, the tested range of plumbagin was 62.5–2000 µg ml−1. The tested range of plumbagin against C. violaceum ATCC 12472 was 2–100 µg ml−1. On completion of incubation, 10 μl TTC from 2 mg ml−1 stock solution were mixed in the wells and incubated for 30 min. The change in colour to red or dark pink was observed, which is caused by the formation of formazan, indicating the presence of metabolically active cells. The minimum concentration at which no change in colour in the wells was observed was considered as the MIC. Moreover, the absence of bacterial growth was further validated by point inoculating the culture from wells onto LB agar plates.
Phenolic extract of Eugenia uniflora L. and furanone reduce biofilm formation by Serratia liquefaciens and increase its susceptibility to antimicrobials
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Adeline Conceição Rodrigues, Felipe Alves de Almeida, Cleriane André, Maria Cristina Dantas Vanetti, Uelinton Manoel Pinto, Neuza Mariko Aymoto Hassimotto, Érica Nascif Rufino Vieira, Nélio José de Andrade
The fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICIs) from combining the pulp phenolic extract of pitanga or furanone C30 with antibiotics, such as kanamycin and ampicillin, were determined as described by Timurkaynak et al. (2006), with modifications. Concentrations of 1/2 to 1/18 of MIC and 1 to 18 times the MIC of the extract and these compounds were used alone or in combination, added in 3 ml of BHI agar and poured into sterile Petri dishes (49 × 12 mm). After solidification, the standardized inoculum prepared as previously described was diluted to 4 log CFU ml−1 and 5 µl of this dilution were inoculated into the center of a BHI agar plate. The agar plates were kept still until the inoculum dried and subsequently, incubated at 30 °C for 24 h. The MIC was considered to be the concentration at which there was no visible growth. FICIs were determined using the formula:
Grape seed extract-soluplus dispersion and its antioxidant activity
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
R. Rajakumari, Tatiana Volova, Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi, S. Rajesh Kumar, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal
The GSE-SOLU solid dispersion was tested for antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method against pathogenic bacteria Proteus sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus sp. Luria Bertani Agar medium was used to cultivate bacteria. The agar plate surface is inoculated by spreading a volume of the microbial inoculum over the entire agar surface. Fresh overnight culture of each strain was swabbed uniformly onto the individuals plates using sterile cotton swabs. Then, a hole with a diameter of 6 mm is aseptically punched with a sterile borer and a measured volume of the GSE-SOLU at desired concentration is introduced into the well. 3 wells were made on each Luria Bertani Agar plates. Then the centrifuged solution 5 µl of streptomycin (standard), pure GSE, GSE-SOLU solid dispersion, were poured into each well on all plates and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. After incubation the different levels of zonation formed around the well was measured.