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Basic Research Design:
Published in Lynne M. Bianchi, Research during Medical Residency, 2022
Lynne M. Bianchi, Luke J. Rosielle, Justin Puller, Kristin Juhasz
Ratio variables are those that have a true 0 value, which indicates a complete absence of that variable. Temperature on the Kelvin scale is a ratio variable because 0° Kelvin represents the complete absence of heat, a term called absolute zero (equivalent to −273.15° Celsius). Other examples of ratio variables are income, time, and weight. You can have an income of 0 (an absence of money), 0 minutes left to submit a grant application (an absence of remaining time), and after you step off a scale, the reading returns to 0, indicating an absence of weight.
Methodology of Data Collection
Published in Abhaya Indrayan, Research Methods for Medical Graduates, 2019
Sometimes a metric scale is divided further into interval and ratio scales. In an interval scale, there is no absolute zero, for example, body temperature. A temperature of 105°F cannot be interpreted as only 5% higher than 100°F. Similarly, it is incorrect to say that a person with an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 160 is twice as intelligent as a person with an IQ of 80. Differences matter, but ratios are irrelevant in this kind of scale. This is so for those measurements in medicine which do not start from zero. Plasma glucose levels, BP, and heart rate are all examples of this kind of measurement. On the other hand, in a ratio scale, a zero point can be meaningfully designated. It is correct to say that the duration of survival of 6 years is twice as much as 3 years, and parity 3 is thrice as much as parity 1. However, in this case also, their medical interpretation may not be based entirely on a proportional factor. The fine distinction between interval and ratio scales in most cases is not required for managing uncertainties through statistical methods and for arriving at correct results.
Nucleic Acids
Published in Danilo D. Lasic, LIPOSOMES in GENE DELIVERY, 2019
This model assumes only atmospheric binding of counterions. Site specific binding is not taken into account. Electrostatic free energy would try to compensate all the charges and that would lead to complete neutralization which would cause spontaneous bending, folding and condensation (self-collapse, “collapsing upon itself”) of DNA. That would be the hypothetical case at absolute zero temperature. A term which opposes this is entropy and free energy of such system is described as a sum of electrostatic and mixing entropy terms, which describes counterions and water. The first term therefore drives to complete binding and the last one to complete dissociation; the balance between the two determines the actual fraction of counterion condensation. Entropic contributions to free energy include mixing of free cations, bound cations, and solvent molecules and can be expressed as
Paradoxes in rehabilitation
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Paradoxes have played a role in many revolutionary discoveries, sometimes leading to Nobel Prizes. For example, Chandrasekhar’s Physics Nobel Prize Lecture [1] referred to a resolution of the “Eddington Paradox”, named after the famous English astrophysicist, whereby a star which had cooled to absolute zero somehow found the energy to undergo major expansion. Some time later, in 2004, the Nobel Prize for Physics was won by Frank Wilczek. His prize lecture was entitled Asymptotic Freedom: from Paradox to Paradigm [2]. Wilczek referred to paradoxical findings in physics that gave rise to the discovery of a new dynamical principle, “asymptotic freedom”. Paradoxical phenomena abound in nature [3], and are evident in fields of inquiry such as epidemiology [4,5], human aging [6], child development [7], cognitive psychology [8], and psychological well-being [9].
Numerical assessment of the human body response to a ground-level explosion
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Piotr W. Sielicki, Tomasz Gajewski
The expression presented depends on the specific internal energy Em. In order to reflect reality, the air must be initialised with greater than zero internal energy as well as the initial ambient pressure. Here, pa is the ambient pressure, ρ is the initial air density, R is the universal gas constant, and Tz is the absolute zero temperature. The value of the atmospheric (ambient) pressure pa represents perfect laboratory conditions, i.e., Equation (3) associated with the air is the specific energy Em. It changes depending on the temperature and can be expressed by the following integral:
Sexual vs. Nonsexual Currently Most Upsetting Trauma: A Fresh Look at Attenuation of Sexual Response, Alcohol Intoxication, and Post-Traumatic Stress
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2018
Elizabeth R. Bird, Martin Seehuus, Julia R. Heiman, Kelly Cue Davis, Jeanette Norris, William. H. George
Some limitations of measurement should also be considered. Self-reported sexual difficulties were measured using single items; future work should use measures with multiple items for increased validity. In addition, because VPA has no absolute zero, it has not been possible to establish norms. Being mindful of these limitations, however, researchers have created detailed guidelines for the use of vaginal photoplethysmography (Woodard & Diamond, 2009). These were implemented in the current study. For example, a within-person subject design was used to create a percent change score. The present findings are consistent with past research, in that an attenuation of percent VPA change was related to SV, and extend previous research, given that attenuation was found for women with a sexual C-MUTE but not for women with a nonsexual C-MUTE.