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Sampling Theory
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
One way to minimize the problem of lying in sample surveys is to apply the technique of randomized response. By introducing an extra degree of uncertainty into the data, we can mask the responses of specific individuals while still making inference about the population as a whole. If it works, randomized response reduces the motivation to lie.
Evidence Derived from Real-World Data: Utility, Constraints, and Cautions
Published in Harry Yang, Binbing Yu, Real-World Evidence in Drug Development and Evaluation, 2021
When properly designed and implemented, sample surveys have external validity, and results obtained from such studies can be generalized to the representative populations of interest. Carefully designed studies such as well-controlled laboratory experiments, in contrast, have internal validity, and results from such studies support causal inferences to be made. Ideally, combining both types of research, which has been termed in social sciences and psychological research as “survey experiments,” has the potential to generate results that will have both internal and external validity, and possess potential to infer causal relationships that may be generalizable. A good reference on the design and application of survey experiments in the social sciences is the book by Mutz (2011). Mutz challenges conventional wisdom about internal and external validity of studies and demonstrates that strong causal claims need not come at the expense of external validity, and that it will be possible to execute experiments remotely using large population samples. In theory, RWD could be used for such purposes in biomedicine.
Study Designs
Published in Abhaya Indrayan, Research Methods for Medical Graduates, 2019
Among the many examples of sample surveys in health and medicine, a recent one is by Chen et al. [5] in Wuhan (China) comparing the number of men who have sex with men among rural-to-urban migrants. Kenny et al. [6] reported a population-based survey on maternal and child health service utilization in Liberia.
Restricted calibration and weight trimming approaches for estimation of the population total in business statistics
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2021
Cenker Burak Metin, Sinem Tuğba Şahin Tekin, Yaprak Arzu Özdemir
In sample surveys, the probability of selecting each unit in the population is not always equal depending on the sampling design. In such circumstances, weighting is one of the best ways to obtain effective results by reflecting the effect of different selection probabilities on estimates. Moreover, the negative impacts of the non-sampling errors on estimates can also be eliminated by weighting in order to get reliable estimates. The design weights are constructed, subject to sampling design, to reflect the differences of inclusion probabilities on the estimation. However, in the event that the frame in which the sample units are selected does not cover the target population (under coverage and over coverage problems) or under the non-response problem, the efficiency of the estimates will decrease. Moreover, these estimates may not be consistent with the information obtained from the other reliable external sources. Therefore, some adjustments to the design weights need to be done to overcome the above-mentioned problems. Verma [26] defined the design weight and weight adjustment processes in five steps: Calculate design weights, adjust these weights to compensate for non-response, calibrate the weights to known totals obtained from the external data sources, trimming and scaling of the weights.
Which Items of the Financial Decision Tracker Differentiate Those with Decision-making Deficits from Those with No Deficits? Data from the Michigan APS Implementation Project
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2021
Peter A. Lichtenberg, Maggie Tocco, Rebecca Campbell, Marie Shipp
The assessment of decision-making abilities is often a critical aspect of evaluating financial exploitation cases. It has been designated a core competency for Adult Protective Services (APS) workers, as outlined by the National Adult Protective Services Association (2013). The prevalence of financial exploitation among older adults highlights the need for empirically based assessment measures of decisional abilities. The rate of financial exploitation in this population is between 3.5% and 7.3%, according to several random-sample surveys (Acierno et al., 2010; Anderson, 2013; Laumann, Leitsch, & Waite, 2008). The financial exploitation of older adults is estimated to cost about 2.9 USD billion each year in the United States (MetLife, 2011), which may be a significant underestimate (Anderson, 2013). Like APS workers, clinical gerontologists across several health professions are in need of screening tools to assess informed financial decision-making in their clients.
Getting by with a Little Help from Our Friends: The Role of Social Support in Addressing HIV-related Mental Health Disparities among Sexual Minorities in the Lower Rio Grande Valley
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2021
Jennifer Tabler, Laryssa Mykyta, Rachel M. Schmitz, Akiko Kamimura, Dora A. Martinez, Ruben D. Martinez, Paloma Flores, Karina Gonzalez, Alvaro Marquez, Gladys Marroquin, Andy Torres
Self-administered surveys were available in English and Spanish. All survey items without available Spanish translations were translated into Spanish by a native Spanish speaker and verified by back translating into English by a different native Spanish speaker. Four Spanish-speaking research assistants were available for assistance and question clarification and alternated three-hour shifts at the three locations. Although technically a convenience sample, surveys were administered every weekday and some Saturdays, and during both morning/evening hours, to approximate a sample representative of the patient population. Surveys were self-administered in the main waiting rooms of testing/clinic sites while clients waited to see a care provider. Administering surveys in free or reduced-fee clinic waiting rooms is a novel, effective way of collecting information on marginalized groups, as it does not require individuals to deviate from their day-to-day routine (see Kamimura, Christensen, Tabler, Ashby, & Olson, 2013).