China 
Africa 
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Using secondary data in educational research
Published in Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison, Research Methods in Education, 2017
Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison
Defining secondary data is not straightforward, as there are many definitions. However, generally speaking, secondary data and its analysis work on data that were originally collected for a different purpose (Glaser, 1963, p. 11) or use pre-existing data, sometimes from the same researcher but usually collected by someone else, for answering new or additional research questions or ‘to pursue a research interest that is distinct from that of the original research’ (Heaton, 1998, p. 1), addressing new or additional purposes, or re-analysing existing data from a new angle or with new analytical tools (cf. Vartanian, 2011). In a sense they can be regarded as second-hand data, having already been used previously. Such data often come in the form of survey data, and comprise, for example: official statistics;national surveys (census and survey data from governments or organizations), for example, the General Household Survey;universities’ and other institutions’ records and administrative data;international surveys and assessments, for example, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMMS), the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS);ongoing databases (e.g. the National Pupil Database);longitudinal, regular and cohort studies (e.g. the British Household Panel Survey, the British Cohort Study, national birth cohort studies such as the Millennium Cohort Study, the National Child Development Study, the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England, the German National Educational Panel Study);data archives (e.g. the Consortium for European Social Science Data Archives; the European Social Survey);large-scale, specific surveys (e.g. the Youth Cohort Study, the Young People’s Social Attitudes Survey);learning analytics;library records;accounts;administrative records (e.g. from governments and professions, such as the Department for Education). Secondary data, both quantitative and qualitative, can also include meta-analyses, literature, reports, technical reports and summaries, scholarly journals and books, though some might argue that these are tertiary data, for example, summaries of previous secondary data.
The Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Negative Affect in Predicting Substantiated Intimate Partner Violence Incidents Among Military Personnel
Published in Military Behavioral Health, 2021
Valerie A. Stander, Kelly A. Woodall, Sabrina M. Richardson, Cynthia J. Thomsen, Joel S. Milner, James E. McCarroll, David S. Riggs, Stephen J. Cozza
This study was conducted as part of the DoD Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) (Ryan et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2011) involving over 200,000 participants from all branches and components of the U.S. military. The MCS began enrolling service members in 2001 and surveys participants approximately every three years, following them through the year 2068 in order to better understand the long-term impact of military service on mental, physical, and behavioral health. Self-report survey data are matched with DoD and VA archival records documenting military characteristics, service history, and health care. Survey data also are matched with records from the DoD Family Advocacy Program (FAP) Central Registry, which tracks reported incidents of domestic abuse among active-duty personnel for intervention purposes (i.e., any reported events meeting full DoD definitional criteria for abuse or neglect between unmarried, married, or formerly married, intimate partners). Additional information about the methodology of this DoD population-based study and the representation of study participants has been described elsewhere (Ryan et al., 2007).