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Quantitative approaches in sport-related concussion research
Published in Gordon A. Bloom, Jeffrey G. Caron, Psychological Aspects of Sport-Related Concussions, 2019
Meredith Rocchi, Camille Guertin, Scott Rathwell
Cohort studies, also known as longitudinal studies, involve examining one or more samples (called cohorts) at multiple time points and can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective study, researchers measure a cohort on variables that might be relevant to the development of a certain outcome (i.e., a concussion), and then follow the cohort over time to see whether individuals develop the outcome and how it progresses. The key feature of this design is that participants have not already developed the outcome of interest at the beginning of the research process (i.e., baseline data). For example, in a prospective study design, a researcher could collect baseline psychological data (i.e., anxiety, depression, mood, etc.) at the start of a sport season with a group of athletes and then, for those that sustain a sport-related concussion, continue to monitor their psychological variables immediately following their concussion and into the future (i.e., three- and six-month follow-ups) to identify changes between pre- and post-concussion.
Epidemiology in Dentistry
Published in Meera Patel, Nakul Patel, Kevin Lewis, Raman Bedi, Gaman Patel, Nakul Patel, Dental Public Health, 2018
Meera Patel, Nakul Patel, Kevin Lewis, Raman Bedi, Gaman Patel, Nakul Patel
Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Studies: Longitudinal studies are those which investigate changes over time (i.e. individuals are observed more than once). Whereas cross-sectional studies consist of assessing the status of a group of individuals with respect to the presence or absence of both exposure and disease at the same point in time (i.e. like a snapshot in time).
Why User-Centered Design Is Relevant for Brain–Computer Interfacing and How It Can Be Implemented in Study Protocols
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
While we consider UCD mandatory if applied BCI research seriously aims at bringing BCIs to end-users in the field, we are well aware of the problems that come along with it (Chavarriaga et al. 2017). Research with end-users, specifically those with disease, is effortful and requires appropriate financial and human resources, and studies need to adopt longitudinal designs—all requirements that are not easy to implement in a research environment that often appreciates most, a long publication list. The lack of funding for longitudinal studies adds to the problem.
Changes in Solo and Partnered Sexual Behaviors following the First COVID-19 Wave: Data from an International Study of 26 Countries
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2023
Devon J. Hensel, Kristen P. Mark, Amr Abdelhamed, Sharyn Burns, Tammary Esho, Jacqueline Hendriks, Vinicius Jobim Fischer, Olena Ivanova, Michael Marks, Kristien Michelsen, Fillipo Nimby, Jenna Strizzi, Joe Tucker, Maximiliane Uhlich, Jennifer Toller Erausquin
In addition, the cross-sectional data, classifying sexual behaviors broadly as “increased,” “stable,” or “decreased,” does not permit us to disentangle the causal order of the variables chosen in our analyses. They also do not allow for evaluation of participants’ usual sexual behaviors before the pandemic, nor do they allow understanding of how earlier pandemic experiences (e.g. early vs. later social distancing practices) could change behavioral practices later in the pandemic. For example, people’s sexual behaviors may have been decreasing before COVID-19, and the pandemic accelerated—rather than caused—these effects. It will be important for future pandemic-associated work to link alteration of behavior more fully to typical “frequency.” In addition, these cross-sectional data asked participants to retrospectively assess how they perceived their sexual behavior had changed. We do not have access to data collection approaches (e.g., repeated measures) that permit us to assess actual change. Future studies should seek to implement longitudinal studies to build on these results.
What’s Different About Those Who Have Ceased Self-Injury? Comparison Between Current and Lifetime Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2023
We found that the group with current NSSI were more likely to report stronger endorsement of NSSI intrapersonal functions than the lifetime NSSI group. In contrast, there were no group differences in interpersonal functions. This finding is consistent with those of previous studies comparing current NSSI groups with lifetime NSSI groups, showing a higher endorsement of affect regulation motives for NSSI among the former, and no significant group differences in social motives were observed (Taylor et al., 2012). This also supports related research that intrapersonal functions are strongly associated with the repetition of NSSI (Muehlenkamp et al., 2013). The direction of this association has yet to be determined. Of course, as NSSI is gradually discontinued, individuals may experience fewer intrapersonal NSSI functions (Gelinas & Wright, 2013). However, a longitudinal study of therapy outcomes that tracked changes in NSSI function reported a significant association between a decrease in the internal NSSI functions and decreased NSSI urge (Victor, Styer, & Washburn, 2016), implying the causal role of intrapersonal NSSI functions on its cessation. Therefore, further cohort longitudinal studies are needed to develop a more integrated understanding.
Stress levels in university/college female students at the start of the academic year
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Laura E. Crack, Patricia K. Doyle-Baker
The majority of investigations researching factors leading to stress and its influence on academic achievements among university students have taken place outside of Canada with findings emphasizing the need to recognize cultural differences in stress management.25 Many of these studies include cross-sectional rather than longitudinal data and it is well known that longitudinal studies are important in public health research for studying associations between risk/protective factors and health outcomes.25 This article is part of the CHESS project, a larger longitudinal study investigating changes in hormones when exposed to acute and chronic stress in undergraduate female students over a university year.26