China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Issues and strategies of quantitative analysis
Published in John A. Bilorusky, Principles and Methods of Transformative Action Research, 2021
In the case of a controlled laboratory experiment, it is necessary to “test” people before and after the study. For people in each group, at the beginning of the study, how many people, for example, report drinking one glass, 2 glasses, and maybe as many as 20 glasses of sugar beverages each week. Of course, as noted above, people may not recall accurately, or they may report what they “think” we want to “hear.” This is a problem of accurate or valid measurement of their behavior. All research, quantitative and qualitative, and research which uses both approaches, has to assess as best as possible the validity of the evidence, of the resulting “measurements.”
Dose Ranging Studies and Dose Determination
Published in Emmanuel Lesaffre, Gianluca Baio, Bruno Boulanger, Bayesian Methods in Pharmaceutical Research, 2020
Phil Woodward, Alun Bedding, David Dejardin
There was some reason to believe that the maximum possible effect should be the same in both the pre-clinical laboratory experiment and the clinical study. If so, the posterior for the Emax parameter obtained from the pre-clinical experiment could be justified as a prior for the clinical study. After some discussion, it was decided that the additional uncertainty in the translation of the pre-clinical experiment should be incorporated by inflating the variance of the posterior based on the pre-clinical data. The posterior for the Emax parameter in the pre-clinical study could be summarized by a mean of 3.38 and a standard deviation of 0.32, which was used to justify a Normal prior distribution for the Emax in the clinical study with a mean of 3.4 and a standard deviation of 1. This prior implies that, before running the clinical study, we believe the Emax lies between 1.4 and 5.4 with probability 95%. The posterior estimates and fitted model using this more informative prior are shown in Table 7.3 and Figure 7.4.
Study Designs
Published in Abhaya Indrayan, Research Methods for Medical Graduates, 2019
Experiments tend to provide results that transcend time and space, and in many cases beyond the population under study. Observational studies lack such generalization. A medical experiment can be carried out in a laboratory, clinic, or community. The subjects for experiment in the clinic or community are generally human beings, and such an experiment is generally termed a trial. Laboratory experiment, on the other hand, may involve inanimate entities such as physical forces or chemicals; in the context of medicine, laboratory experiments are generally conducted on biological material or animals. Laboratory experiments often provide important clues to the potential of the intervention for formulating a therapeutic agent. When successful, they pave the way for human studies. Thus, experiments have a special place in medical research.
Scientific papers: the sum of the parts is greater than the whole
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Nathan Efron, Philip B. Morgan
Putting aside the special circumstance of peer review, if almost no papers are fully read by their audience, what is the purpose of scientific publishing? After all, no-one would manufacture cars if nobody drove them! In fact, the car analogy is false; a better comparison is to consider a television schedule for the day. Very few people sit and watch a television channel from dawn to dusk; most are selective in their viewing – watching shows and bulletins which are of interest to them in some way. It is the same for scientific papers. For some, a thorough review of the abstract followed by targeted dipping into the paper provides the ideal balance between getting to grips with the paper but not spending time on less relevant detail. For others, perhaps the methodology is key to their laboratory or clinic, and time is needed to fully comprehend that section. Some readers might be readily familiar with the methods of a clinical study or laboratory experiment but wish to become fully engrossed in the results or the conclusions described by the authors.
Analyzing the invisibility angles formed by vehicle blind spots to increase driver’s field of view and traffic safety
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Mohammed Said Obeidat, Nadah Faris Altheeb, Amer Momani, Nader Al Theeb
This article focused on studying the impacts and correlations of human anthropometric measurements, different dimensions inside the vehicle’s cabin and some participant demographic data on the front and rear invisibility angle formed by the A and B pillars. Data were collected for 117 participants in a laboratory experiment using a parked vehicle. Two statistical models were developed, each considered one of the invisibility angles through the A and B pillars. A total of 24 independent variables were considered in the two models. Results of the statistical analysis using SAS® indicated that both models were significant at the 5% significance level.
The Effect of Irradiated Riboflavin in Human Tenon’s Fibroblast – A Study on Cellular Viability
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Wendy Yen Nee See, Fazliana Ismail, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir, Visvaraja Subrayan
This is a laboratory experiment involving human tissue. The human tenon tissue was harvested from a patient, who underwent strabismus surgery with the approval of the ethical committee of University Malaya Medical Centre (MECID NO 201688–4123) in accordance with the tenets of Helsinki’s Declaration. The tenon tissue was isolated and propagated according to the standard laboratory cell culturing protocol for primary human tenon fibroblast.13