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Published in Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman, The Laboratory GUINEA PIG, 2016
Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman
International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS). Current contact: Dr. Cecilia Carbone, Secretary General ICLAS (International Council for Laboratory Animal Science), CC 296 CP 1900, La Plata, Argentina (Tel: 54-221-421-1276; www.iclas.org). The aim of ICLAS is to promote and coordinate the development of laboratory animal science throughout the world, including international collaborations of laboratory animal scientists, the humane animal care and use of research animals, and the monitoring of quality in animal research worldwide. The organization sponsors programs in microbiological and genetic monitoring of research animals and assists developing countries in pursuing their objectives in improving the care and use of laboratory animals. Membership consists of national members, scientific members, and scientific union members.
Application of biomechanics in martial art training
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
A relative new development is the growing number of mixed martial arts schools and studios. Here, techniques from different martial arts are combined in training and combat. Kochhar et al. (2005) analyzed four different takedowns, the o goshi (Judo), the suplex (Jujitsu), the souplesse (a variant of the suplex) and the guillotine drop (a choke hold). They concluded a high potential in cervical injury. From the literature of boxing it is known that the risk of traumatic brain injuries in professional boxing is high (Clausen et al., 2005) but is decreasing because of the shorter boxing career and a significant lower number of bouts per athlete nowadays and also due to the ‘increased clinical, neuropsychological, radiological, and genetic monitoring and screening’. Timm et al. (1993) presented a study conducted during a 15-years-period (1977–1992) of the injuries and illnesses at the US Olympic Training Center. They conclude that serious injuries present a small percentage (6.1 per cent) of all problems. Haglund and Eriksson (1993) in their retrospective study of 50 former Swedish amateur boxers did not find ‘any sign of severe chronic brain damage’. Zetterberg et al. (2006), in a study searching for biomedical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid, identified acute neuronal injuries of amateur boxers after bouts. In mixed martial arts we have a combined problem with throwing, kicking, boxing and other techniques. Adequate risk estimation is not available. Regarding injuries in general we are still at the stage of describing.
Genetic and ethnic modulation of cardiovascular toxicity of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2018
Yen-Chou Chen, Cheng-Chih Chung, Yung-Kuo Lin, Yi-Jen Chen
Genetic and geographic studies showed that genetic polymorphisms or ethnic differences probably play significant predictive or prognostic roles in cardiovascular toxicity associated with VEGF inhibitors. Genetic variants may increase or reduce the potential toxicity of VEGF inhibitors, influencing their short- or long-term treatment outcomes. Accordingly, genetic monitoring may optimize the application of VEGF inhibitors in cancer treatment. This review updates current understandings of VEGF inhibitors on cardiovascular toxicity, explores potential mechanisms and clarifies whether genetic or ethnic factors contribute to their adverse effects.
Evolving treatments in high-risk neuroblastoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2020
Abhinav Kumar, John P J Rocke, B Nirmal Kumar
To supplement the advances in new maintenance therapies, the implementation of ‘liquid biopsies’ into clinical practice is beneficial. Tumor biopsies are essential for genetic profiling of cancer as this allocates patients into appropriate risk groups. For example, in neuroblastoma the detection of an amplified MYCN automatically confers high-risk status. Additionally, the role of SCA’s and TMM’s are becoming apparent in predicting tumor behavior. When considering new molecular therapies, the genetic characterization of a tumor can dictate the appropriate inhibitor to use. The difficulty arises when the genetic profile of a tumor changes. Activation of resistance pathways in response to treatment could explain why these high-risk tumors relapse aggressively. Liquid biopsies are taken from patient blood samples and used to obtain circulating tumor cells or DNA. Therefore, if continuous genetic monitoring is needed at various points, a liquid biopsy offers a noninvasive and rapid route to obtaining these samples in order to assess differential gene expression [81]. They can not only assess tumor heterogeneity; they can also assess resistance mechanisms of specific mutations; detect early relapses; and determine the prognosis of patients after their treatment [82]. A study using liquid biopsies in neuroblastoma patients found circulating tumor DNA matched with the primary tumor profile, including detecting chromosomal changes at different stages of the disease [83]. Another study using cell-free DNA identified the treatment-resistant sequences in neuroblastoma patients undergoing treatment [84]. The results of these studies point to liquid biopsies fundamentally complementing the treatment strategy for high-risk cases. They also have a place in immunotherapy protocols. As previously stated, the levels of GD2 during the treatment process dictate efficacy and need continuous monitoring, which may be carried out using liquid biopsies to detect circulating levels. The gradual onset of liquid biopsy usage in clinical practice will drastically help and inform the use of new therapies in high-risk neuroblastoma to deliver highly efficient treatments, as well as improving prognostication.