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Macrophage Heterogeneity
Published in Gloria H. Heppner, Amy M. Fulton, Macrophages and Cancer, 2019
Page S. Morahan, Alvin Volkman, Meryle Melnicoff, Walla L. Dempsey
In brief, heterogeneity is a collective term for a variety of complex biological phenomena, some of which are readily understandable and some of which are obscure. Multidirectional experimental approaches will be necessary to uncover the mechanisms underlying or regulating the different expressions of functional diversity. The literature concerning MP heterogeneity is filled with so much controversy that we can identify only two issues on which consensus exists. (1) MPs are indeed heterogeneous, both among and within various anatomic compartments. This point is addressed in Section III and Tables 1 and 2. (2) There exists a pluripotent stem cell (colony forming units, CFU-s) from which the heterogeneous MPs are derived.126,127 All other events between the beginning of MP development and the appearance of the final heterogeneous population(s) are topics of debate.
Dermal Cells: Underappreciated Components of Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (Salt)
Published in Brian J. Nickoloff, Dermal Immune System, 2019
The immune system is called upon to provide protection against an enormously diverse array of environmental and endogenous pathogens. Protection is afforded by an assortment of effector modalities, ranging from functionally distinct isotypes of immunoglobulins, to functionally diverse effector T lymphocytes. One reason for the diversity of effector modalities is the inability of any single immune effector to neutralize all potential pathogens; but another reason for functional diversity among immune effectors is the need to meet the special demands placed on the immune system when pathogens enter the body via different body surfaces or orifices. It is easy to see that a microbial organism that enters through the mouth uses a very different set of molecular and cellular strategies to gain a foothold in the gastrointestinal tract than another organism that penetrates through a superficial breach in the epidermal surface. In a commensurate fashion, the immune system marshalls appropriate and unique counterstrategies to thwart these different types of microbial invasion.
Neurons
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Generally speaking, channel properties are primarily determined by the main protein subunits of the receptor forming the pore. These subunits, referred to as α subunits, are usually arranged as a tetramer around the pore. In some cases, the pore could be formed by a single polypeptide chain that courses back and forth across the membrane, with each segment spanning the membrane acting as the equivalent of a protein subunit. The same ion channel subfamily can exhibit considerable functional diversity between different nerve tissues, or between different parts of the same neuron, in terms of sensitivity to various activating or blocking agents, voltage dependence, and channel kinetics. This functional diversity can be due to at least the following factors: The α subunits of the channel need not be identical, that is, homomers, but could be heteromers, occurring as combinations of different subunits usually, but not necessarily, from the same subfamily.The presence of auxiliary protein subunits, associated with the α subunits, and referred to as β, γ, and δ subunits, and which modulate the gating of the pore. These auxiliary subunits can span across the membrane, away from the pore, or can be on the inner or on the outer surface of the cell membrane, close to the pore, and in different combinations.The same gene can code for variants of the same protein, referred to as isoforms, through modification of the transcribed RNA by splicing, to produce different mRNAs that are translated into different protein isoforms. The functional diversity serves to fine-tune the channel by conferring specific properties that are required in particular cases.
Adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Interaction with Disabled Persons Scale in Spanish population
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Roberto M. Lobato, Marie Carmen Valenza, Araceli Ortiz-Rubio
This study had some limitations to be addressed. The main limitation of this study was using a type of non-probability sampling technique to collect the participants. Participants for this study were collected using the “snowball” technique using group of students and research assistants who asked classmates, friends, acquaintances, and family members to complete them. Consequently, since a representative sample was not achieved and the selection of participants was based on convenience, the generalizability of the results is not guaranteed. Additionally, this study may include a social desirability-related respondent bias because it was based on a self-reported survey and, because it was conducted using the “snowball” technique, the researchers had no control over the conditions under which the survey was completed. Thus, we are not sure that the participants accurately reported their beliefs and attitudes toward persons with functional diversity. In fact, it is possible that the use of the term “functional diversity” instead of “disability” may have affected by generating more desirability. It should also be noted that this study assessed the subjective perception of the attitudes toward persons with functional diversity, not the attitudes or actual behaviors themselves.
Effects of Diversity on Knowledge Sharing and Creativity of Work Teams: Status Differential Among Members as a Facilitator
Published in Human Performance, 2019
The present analysis further extends the above findings by revealing that functional diversity affects team creativity through shaping group processes, such as knowledge sharing. Examining the implications of diversity toward critical intervening processes addresses the call for opening the black box between diversity and outcomes and is also consistent with the conventional input-process-output model of group effectiveness (Horwitz & Horwitz, 2007). As the most representative aspect of informational diversity, functional background diversity renders a broad range of cognitive skills and knowledge assets accessible to a group (Horwitz & Horwitz, 2007). In addition, scholars focus on the improved role clarifications resulting from functional diversity (Hoever et al., 2012). Members from different functions are naturally assigned to perform different roles and are responsible for different aspects of problem solving. As such, differentiated perspectives from different functions are derived, expected, and readily accepted (Bunderson & Sutcliffe, 2002). Thus, functional diversity among members softens unnecessary conflicts and competition among members; moreover, differences in ideas and knowledge become a normal or even desired state, enabling positive and cooperative interpersonal exchanges and subsequent creative performance for organizational teams. In sum, the present findings indicate that the effect of diversity may be clearly explained if we attend to intermediate group processes that may be proximal to group composition input and pertinent to the outcome in question (Van Knippenberg et al., 2004).
The Impact of Group Diversity and Structure on Individual Negative Workplace Gossip
Published in Human Performance, 2021
Andrea Kim, Jiseon Shin, Youngsang Kim, Jinhee Moon
We admit to several limitations, which highlight ways to extend research on workplace gossip and group diversity. First, although we believe that informational diversity can be captured by organizational tenure differences across group members in the nursing work context, other measures may be appropriate to different settings. We proposed that members in work groups with high organizational tenure diversity look forward to learning new things from others, thereby engaging less in negative workplace gossip about others in their work groups. Organizational tenure has been traditionally regarded as a key attribute for informational diversity in prior studies (e.g., de Poel et al., 2014; Jackson & Joshi, 2004). In fact, nurses are typically grouped to work together in a broader medical specialty (i.e., Pediatric vs. Adult and Surgical vs. Non-surgical) and a more professional subspecialty (e.g., Neuropsychiatry, Diabetes Mellitus, Transplant), and they are rarely transferred to another field. Furthermore, as care-providing procedures and approaches vary across hospitals in South Korea, hospitals usually provide a one- or two-week orientation for new hires and implement on-the-job training. As such, longer-tenured nurses are more likely to have common nursing knowledge in the current hospital, whereas shorter-tenured nurses have to learn those. We assumed that these organizational tenure differences across group members cause informational diversity, which triggers the elaboration of task-related information between longer-tenured and shorter-tenured nurses. In this regard, organizational tenure can be an appropriate measure for informational diversity in the nursing context. Future research needs to measure functional diversity with another attribute appropriate to a certain research setting.