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Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The antiviral investigator is well advised to consult with a statistician regarding the statistical design of antiviral experiments, especially experiments using animals. Reasonably simple statistical tests, such as chi-square analysis, Fisher exact test, and Student’s t test, are commonly used. The results of any study should be readily reproducible, which can only be determined by repeating at least the essential portions of the study.
Statistical Analysis
Published in Abhaya Indrayan, Research Methods for Medical Graduates, 2019
The simplest of two-way tables is a 2×2 table when the study subjects are simultaneously divided by two binary variables. The most common of these is the division of subjects into case group and control group, and each of these with and without a specific antecedent. A generic 2×2 table is given in Box 7.6 in Chapter 7 in the context of a positive and negative test. Examples 7.1 and 7.3 in that chapter contain data in this format. Presence of association is concluded when the observed pattern of frequencies in various cells is substantially different from the chance-expected pattern under no association. To check whether this difference will persist in repeated samples or not, the chi-square test is used. For small n, the Fisher exact test is used.
RNA Expression Profiling
Published in Attila Lorincz, Nucleic Acid Testing for Human Disease, 2016
Payman Hanifi-Moghaddam, Curt W. Burger, Theo J.M. Helmerhorst, Leen J. Blok
Different approaches are to study the expression data in a pathway perspective or genetic network models using text mining and expert knowledge. In the first approach, one can map expression data onto metabolic or regulatory pathways and evaluate which pathways are most affected by transcriptional changes in whole genome expression experiments. Statistical methods like the Fisher exact test are used to score biochemical pathways according to the probability that a certain number of genes in a pathway significantly altered in a given experiment more than by chance alone. Results from multiple experiments can be compared, reducing the analysis of a full set of differentially expressed genes to a limited number genes acting in pathways of interest. Examples of such programs are GO-Mapper,53 Ease,54 GoMiner,55 and the FatiGo module of GEPAS.56
Transferring nursing home residents to emergency departments by emergency physician-staffed emergency medical services: missed opportunities to avoid inappropriate care?
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2023
Sabine E. E. Lemoyne, Peter Van Bogaert, Paul Calle, Kristien Wouters, Dennis Deblick, Hanne Herbots, Kg. Monsieurs
This quantitative study focused on descriptive statistics. Continuous data are represented as mean and standard deviation (SD), categorical data as number and percentages. Missing data are considered to be missing completely at random and patients with missing data are excluded analysis per analysis. Between-groups comparisons were made using independent t-test for continuous data and chi-square test for categorical data. When numbers were too low, Fisher exact test was applied. Mosaic plots were used for 2D-visualisation of differences in combinations of two or more categorical variables with the surface of each region corresponding to the number of patients in that particular combination. A statistical significance level of P < .05 was set and we used R statistical software version 3.4.4 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) for all the analyses.
Optimization of pleural multisite anesthetic technique during CT-guide microwave ablation of peripheral lung malignancy for improving treatment tolerance
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Hao Hu, Fulei Gao, Jinhe Guo, Gaojun Teng, Zhi Wang, Bo Zhai, Rong Liu, Jiachang Chi
Continuous data were tested by using the Student t test or Mann–Whitney test according to the normality assumption. The Fisher exact test was performed for categorical variables. Comparison between groups was performed using multivariable logistic regression. A logistic regression attempts to predict the probability that an observation falls into one of two categories of a dichotomous dependent variable based on one or more independent variables that can be either continuous or categorical. The model was run for each of the two dichotomous dependent variables of interest: pain and intravenous pain medication. Methods of local anesthesia, patient age, sex, emphysema, pleura-to-lesion distance, tumor size, histological types, length of interface with pleura and lesion location were the independent variables. The cumulative rates of recurrences during the follow-up period were estimated by using the method of Kaplan–Meier and were compared between two groups by using a log-rank test. Prognostic factors for local tumor progression were assessed by using Cox proportional hazard or time dependent Cox proportional hazard models in univariable and multivariable analysis. A p value of less than .05 was considered indicative of statistical significance. All analyses were performed by using commercially available software (SPSS Statistics, version 25.0, IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY).
Diabetes-associated nephropathy and obesity influence COVID-19 outcome in type 2 diabetes patients
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Martin Schiller, Kim Solger, Stefanie Leipold, Hans Ulrich Kerl, Wolfgang Kick
This work was conducted at the Kliniken Hochfranken Munchberg, a German community hospital. Laboratory and radiologic findings from 75 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, as well as their respective comorbidities were analyzed. COVID-19 was diagnosed by a positive PCR-result (Real Star SARS-CoV-2 PCR Kit, Altona Diagnostics GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) and/or typical radiologic findings. All patients showed COVID-19 symptoms, such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath. . Samples for PCR were obtained from throat swabs or qualified sputum. COVID-19 patients were treated in our hospital from March 2020 to August 2020. Mean values and graphs were calculated using Microsoft Excel software. Statistical analysis was performed using students t-test for parametric data (Table 2 and 3(a)). Proportions for categorical variables were compared using the chi square test (Table 1). The Fisher exact test was used when data size was limited (Table 3(b)).