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Extraction and Optimization of Saponin and Phenolic Compounds of Fenugreek Seed
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Sweeta Akbari, Nour Hamid Abdurahman, Rosli Mohd Yunus
The optimization process was accomplished via RSM by applying the face centred central composite design (FCCCD). From the experiment, three responses were recorded including yield of extraction (YEx), total content of saponin (YTSC), and phenolic (YTPC). The four variables (A, B, C, and D) are displaced in Table 6.1, respectively. Basically, a total of 30 runs including 6 centre points with a quadratic polynomial equation were generated as shown in Equation (2).
Quality by Design for Nanocarriers
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Branca M. A. Silva, Cláudia Silva
The choice of a suitable experimental design is critical for the success of the DoE approach and it depends on the study goals (screening, optimisation and/or robustness testing), the investigator’s experience, previous knowledge, the available resources and number and level of variables [5, 36, 37]. Screening designs such as response surface design, factorial designs, Placket-Burman and Taguchi are useful to determine the most influential factors and require few experiments in relation to the number of factors being studied. Optimisation designs (e.g. Box-Behnken, central composite design, optimal designs) can be employed following the application of screening designs and aim to find optimal operating conditions and to predict the response values. The robustness testing allows to determine the sensitivity of CQAs to small changes in the factors levels. It is important to note, that in most of the studies related to the development of nanocarriers for brain delivery the only QbD element used is DoE [16–18, 24, 38–42]. This finding is transversal to many other research papers and should be emphasised that this is not the most appropriate approach. A successful DoE study must be preceded by the definition of solid objectives through QTPP and CQAs definition and the identification and selection of factors (CPPs and CMAs) based on risk assessment tools [4, 5, 9, 43].
Analysis of Discrete and Combined Effect of Solvent, Extraction Time, and Extraction Temperature on Polyphenol Compounds Extraction from Roxburgh Fig (Ficus auriculata Lour.) Fruit Using Response Surface Methodology
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Gayathri Jagadeesan, Kasipandi Muniyandi, M. Ashwini Lydia, Gayathri Nataraj, Suman Thamburaj, Saikumar Sathyanarayanan, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj
The main aim for the present investigation was to determine the discrete and combined effects of solvent, extraction temperature, and extracting time on the polyphenolic content extraction from F. auriculata fruits. The fruits were collected from Western Ghats, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, and identified by the Botanical Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Before shade drying, the sample was rinsed with distilled water, after shade drying, the fruits were finely grounded and used for extraction. The central composite design was used to determine the effects of three parameters, such as ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, and extracting time, and the design parameters were given in our previously published paper (Jagadeesan et al. 2019). The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were selected as responses. The central composite design for the experiment parameters was presented in Table 5.1. F. auriculata fruit extracts were prepared by adding the fruit powder with various combinations of parameters as tabulated in Table 5.1. The prepared extracts were centrifuged at 3000 x g for 10 minutes, and then the supernatant was collected and dried at room temperature. After some time, the dried extract was collected and used for the proposed studies. The optimal conditions for the extraction of the fruit polyphenolic contents were determined by comparing the experimental and predicted values of three responses from the following regression equations.
Development of invaethosomes and invaflexosomes for dermal delivery of clotrimazole: optimization, characterization and antifungal activity
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Sureewan Duangjit, Kozo Takayama, Sureewan Bumrungthai, Jongjan Mahadlek, Tanasait Ngawhirunpat, Praneet Opanasopit
A face-centered central composite design with a duplicate center point was used in this study. An independent variable along with the high (1), middle (0) and low (−1) points required three experiments for each independent variable (Tables 1 and 2). The optimization of the I-ETS and I-FXS formulation based upon the response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted using the original data set obtained from twenty model formulations. The formulation factors ethanol (X1) versus d-limonene (X2) and d-limonene (X2) versus polysorbate 20 (X3) and the latent variables of the model formulation, e.g. the vesicle size (Y1), size distribution (Y2), zeta potential (Y3), CZ concentration (Y4) and response variable as the skin permeation flux (Y5), were defined. The simultaneous I-ETS and I-FXS formulation was assessed using the proper characteristics prescribed in a previous study (Duangjit et al. 2017). In brief, a proper I-ETS and I-FXS formulation was outlined to minimize the vesicle size and size distribution and to maximize the zeta potential, CZ concentration, and skin permeation flux. Once the RSM-estimated I-ETS and I-FXS formulations were obtained, the reliability and accuracy were evaluated through the experiment. The reliability of the predicted values was confirmed by the experiment.
Ethosome as antigen delivery carrier: optimisation, evaluation and induction of immunological response via nasal route against hepatitis B
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Akash Raghuvanshi, Kamal Shah, Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
The current study main goal is to create a nanotechnology-based ethosome antigen delivery system that will improve antibody production while eliminating booster doses. As a result, the central composite design concept was used to create ethosomal drug delivery systems. The physicochemical parameters of the ethosome were evaluated, including particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment effectiveness, morphology, in vitro release and haemocompatibility. Furthermore, ethosome were assessed for their ability to efficiently transfer antigen and thereby promote antibody formation during single dose immunisation. Ethosome were delivered nasal route into BALB/c mice and compared to a booster dose of alum-HBsAg vaccination given intramuscularly. After injection of ethosome, serum anti-HBsAg titres such as IgG, IgA, and cytokine levels (interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-Y (IFN-Y) were equivalent to those obtained after alum-HBsAg by specific ELISA procedures.
Assessing the viability of carbamoylethyl pullulan-g-stearic acid based smart polymeric micelles for tumor targeting of raloxifene
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Sheshank Sethi, Sachin Bhatia, Sunil Kamboj, Ram Sarup Singh, Vikas Rana
On the basis of these preliminary trials, critical formulation attributes identified were amount of RLX (B1) and amount of CmP-g-SA (B2). However, no critical process attributes were obtained. The CQAs were identified as particle size (Z1), polydispersity index (Z2), drug entrapment efficiency (Z3), and drug loading (Z4). On the basis of these findings, a large experimental domain was prepared as per central composite design. The results obtained are illustrated in Table 1. Further, the data obtained were analyzed using design expert software to generate models correlating critical formulation attributes and CQAs (Figure 3(b)). The optimized lyophilized formulation comes out from this experimental design space contains 832 µg of RLX and 2000 µg of CmP-g-SA.