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Biostatistics
Published in Arkadiy Pitman, Oleksandr Sverdlov, L. Bruce Pearce, Mathematical and Statistical Skills in the Biopharmaceutical Industry, 2019
Arkadiy Pitman, Oleksandr Sverdlov, L. Bruce Pearce
The term medical statistics is widely used in the UK, whereas biostatistics is a more common term in the US. The medical statistics paper (option D) included the following topics: clinical trials, epidemiology, diagnostic tests, analysis of survival data, and health information. The biometry paper (option E) included topics in experimental design, survey methods, regression modeling, and bioassay. All these topics are highly relevant to pharmaceutical statisticians.
J.B.S. Haldane (1892–1964)
Published in Krishna Dronamraju, A Century of Geneticists, 2018
The research projects undertaken by Haldane’s research team in India were mostly of ecological and statistical nature. Research in biometry and genetics was pursued on a number of local plant and animal species. Some examples are selective pollination by Lepidoptera and its relevance to sympatric speciation, meristic variation in plant and animal organs, which interested Haldane’s mentor William Bateson, rice grain yields in plots with mixed varieties, floral symmetry, life cycle of the tussore silk moth (Antheraea mylitta Drury), and nest-building activity of the solitary wasp (Sceliphron madraspatanum Fabr.). Projects in human genetics included inbreeding in south Indian populations, Y-chromosome linkage, color blindness, and deaf–mutism.
How to master MCQs
Published in Chung Nen Chua, Li Wern Voon, Siddhartha Goel, Ophthalmology Fact Fixer, 2017
Photorefractive surgery flattens the cornea and can result in miscalculation of intraocular lens power, giving a more hypermetropic calculation than expected. Videokeratography assesses more points on the cornea and provides more accurate keratometric results. In biometry, error in axial length measurement has a greater effect on the result than error in keratometric measurement. Ultrasonic waves travel more slowly in silicone oil and therefore give a falsely high axial length measurement.
WHO Vision 2020: Have We Done It?
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2023
Dalia Abdulhussein, Mina Abdul Hussein
Data from 2020 shows that over 15 million people are affected with blindness due to cataract.8 This is not to say that Vision 2020 has had no impact on the burden of cataract. Wang et al. analysed the CSR trends from 152 countries from 2005 to 2014 and found that most countries had an increase in the number of cataract surgeries with the greatest increase observed in Iran and Argentina.13 This study also further emphasised the close relationship between CSR and resource availability which further emphasises the importance of low-cost services to allow healthcare delivery for all.13 This was further corroborated in a study that showed countries with a lower socioeconomic status has higher age-standardised DALY due to cataract which would further widen inequalities.14 The increase in population size and age have led to even further strains on cataract services worldwide and the supply must grow to meet the demand. In a cross-sectional study assessing success factors affecting CSR in sub-Saharan Africa, factors that were associated with a high CSR included having at least one fixed surgical facility in the area; having an availability of operating theatre; the number of surgeons per million population; and the presence of an eye department manager in the facility.15 Biometry and the presence of an eye department manager in the facility were associated with better visual acuity outcomes following cataract surgery.15
Recent developments in the intraocular lens formulae: An update
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2023
Sarthak S. Kothari, Jagadesh C. Reddy
Cataract surgery is one of the most commonly performed ocular surgery. In a patient’s view success of cataract surgery is defined as obtaining a post-operative 20/20 refractive outcome with spectacle independence. The accuracy of refractive outcomes after uneventful cataract surgery largely depends on the biometry and intraocular lens (IOL) formula used for selecting the IOL.1 With the advent of optical biometers, there has been a flurry of technological advances, which has reduced biometry measurement errors to a minimum.1–3 However, there was little advancement in the field of IOL formulas until the recent decade. In recent 5 years, there has been an introduction of several new formulae for IOL power calculation to improve the accuracy of refraction outcomes in eyes undergoing cataract surgery.4,5 To improve the accuracy of post-op refractive outcomes, several methods of IOL power calculations like regression, vergence-based, ray-tracing, artificial intelligence, and hybrid have been used. This review would aim to summarise the principles of these formulae and their performance among normal and variable ocular biometry conditions.
Agreement of white-to-white measurements with the IOLMaster 700, Atlas 9000, and Sirius systems
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Teresa Ferrer-Blasco, José J. Esteve-Taboada, Noelia Martínez-Albert, José F. Alfonso, Robert Montés-Micó
The patient expectations of achieving perfect visual outcomes continue to increase, which translates into an increase in the number of refractive surgery cases that are performed nowadays. Highly accurate preoperative ocular biometry is needed to improve the success of the surgical technique and to satisfy the patient expectations. Thus, ocular biometry is fundamental to refractive surgery planning [1], as it provides a measure of various eye parameters for their subsequent use in phakic or pseudophakic intraocular lens (IOL) calculations. Ocular biometry can also be used for contact lens fitting, corneal disease detection, and follow-up of ocular surgical interventions [2]. Inaccuracies in measurements of optical biometry could result in miscalculations in the surgical procedures, and then could produce errors in the postsurgery outcomes. Optical biometry has many advantages over the traditional A-scan ultrasound technique [3], and a number of optical biometers are now available clinically.