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A-Z of Standardisation, Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Toxicological Data
Published in Saroya Amritpal Singh, Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
Characterization: The importance of purification steps was studied through the analysis of raw material and the intermediates using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The scanning electron micrographs of Chandraprabha vati tablets show the presence of pores as well as the plate-like objects. The formation of pores may be attributed to the evaporation of volatile molecules during heating (Safiullah et al. 2012).
Unmasking the Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and Other Radioactive Materials
Published in Michael Pöschl, Leo M. L. Nollet, Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment, 2006
Stuart Thomson, Mark Reinhard, Mike Colella, Claudio Tuniz
The use of elemental analysis techniques such as the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) methods, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE), carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-sulfur (CHNS) analysis, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can all be used for bulk sample analysis [28,34,43]. Moreover, each of these techniques can yield complementary information useful for characterizing forensic samples.
X-ray spectrometry imaging and chemical speciation assisting to understand the toxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Joyce Ribeiro Santos-Rasera, Rafael Giovanini de Lima, Dejane Santos Alves, Regina Teresa Rosim Monteiro, Hudson Wallace Pereira de Carvalho
Spectroscopic techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) is able to identify, locate and quantify chemical elements, while X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can reveal their chemical environment, oxidation state, and symmetry. Although powerful, these techniques are not as spread in ecotoxicology as in materials science. Some of the challenges regard strategies for mapping whole organisms and detecting trace elements, this latter task has been mostly accomplished by acid digestion and the destruction of biological tissues, without actually taking a picture of the organisms (Wang 2022). Sample preparation is also challenging because it has to preserve the elements in the proper cell compartment, otherwise one may obtain misleading results. (Jin et al., 2017). The literature reports applications of isolated XRF (Mages et al. 2008) and XAS in aquatic organisms (Beauchemin et al. 2004; Misra et al. 2012; Saibu et al. 2018; Kuwabara et al. 2007). Fewer studies have combined both tools such as reported by Adams et al. (2016) and Santos-Rasera et al. (2019).
Enhanced cerebellar myelination with concomitant iron elevation and ultrastructural irregularities following prenatal exposure to ambient particulate matter in the mouse
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Carolyn Klocke, Valeriia Sherina, Uschi M. Graham, Jakob Gunderson, Joshua L. Allen, Marissa Sobolewski, Jason L. Blum, Judith T. Zelikoff, Deborah A. Cory-Slechta
Mass concentration and elemental composition of CAPs exposures were determined as described previously (Blum et al., 2017; Klocke et al., 2017). X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) was used to determine the elemental composition of particles captured on Teflon filters within exposure chambers using an ARL QUANT’X EDXRF Analyzer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). As mentioned, the CAPs exposures utilized in this study are an extension of previous studies by this group focusing on the neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal CAPs (Klocke et al., 2017, 2018). Thus, the concentration, particle size distribution and composition metrics are identical across the studies and the endpoints examined in each study are comparable. The particle size distribution of CAPs produced by the VACES includes PM2.5 and UFP (Maciejczyk et al., 2005). CAPs exposure metrics are summarized in the Results. N = Mice used in this study were treated humanely with regard to alleviation of suffering and all study protocols were approved by the New York University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. For all analyses, the litter was the unit of statistical measure.
Rux largely restores lungs in Iraq PM-exposed mice, Up-regulating regulatory T-cells (Tregs)
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2018
David Lin, Jonathan Li, Rabail Razi, Niha Qamar, Laurie Levine, Thomas Zimmerman, Sayyed A. Hamidi, Millicent Schmidt, Marc G. Golightly, Todd Rueb, Andrea Harrington, Merrill Garnett, Frank Antonawich, Steven McClain, Edmund Miller, Courtney Cox, Po Hsuan Huang, Anthony M. Szema
The contaminants used in all experiments originated near burn pits at Camp Victory, Iraq. The collection took place prior to 2013 and upon arrival to the United States the PM was subjected to UV radiation to rid the material of bacterial pathogens. The mineralogy of the PM was determined using a Scintagg Pad X Diffractometer with a copper source (λ = 1.54 A) from 4 to 90 degrees 2 theta in continuous scan mode at 2 degrees 2theta/minute. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (Bruker S4 Pioneer) was used for elemental analysis. The specific surface area of the PM, determined with a QuantachromeNOVA5-point BET analyzer, was 26.429 m2/g. The PM morphology was determined on a scanning electron microscope (SEM; LEO 1550 SFEG) with an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) using an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and a 30 µm aperture (Figure 5).