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Leveraging Genome Sequencing Strategies for Basic and Applied Algal Research, Exemplified by Case Studies
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Ariana A. Vasconcelos, Vitor H. Pomin
The first algal genome sequenced was achieved in 2004 for the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae (Matsuzaki et al. 2004). In the same year, a sketch of the genome of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was also generated (Armbrust et al. 2004). In 2005, the introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS), a technology that enables DNA sequencing on platforms capable of generating information about millions of base pairs in a single run, together with the growing interest in algae as heating mitigators and as an alternative source of biofuel, has further boosted studies on the sequencing of the genome of various algae (Kim et al. 2014).
Algae
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Helena M. Amaro, I. Sousa Pinto, A. Catarina Guedes
Even the highest quality live microalgae will rarely have an optimal nutrient composition (Becker, 2013), and so currently multiple cultures of different microalgal species are grown, which increases production costs and commercial risk in the case of contamination. For example, the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana is widely cultivated to feed variety of mollusks, including the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and rock scallops (Yaakob et al., 2014).
Inhibition survey with phenolic compounds against the δ- and η-class carbonic anhydrases from the marine diatom thalassiosira weissflogii and protozoan Plasmodium falciparum
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Siham A. Alissa, Hanan A. Alghulikah, Zeid A. ALOthman, Sameh M. Osman, Sonia Del Prete, Clemente Capasso, Alessio Nocentini, Claudiu T. Supuran
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) compose a superfamily of metalloenzymes that owe the role of speeding up the carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and proton1,2. Crucial biological processes in most organisms of tree of life are related to such a reversible reaction: respiration, photosynthesis, pH regulation, CO2 and HCO3− transport, biosynthetic processes, production of body fluids, bone resorption, etc3,4. Eight evolutionarily unrelated CA classes have been identified to date, which are named as α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ζ-, η-, θ- and ι-CAs4–8. The α-CAs are present in vertebrates, protozoa, algae, corals, bacteria and cytoplasm of green plants4. Human, in particular, encode only for α-class isozymes3. The β-CAs have been identified in bacteria, fungi, Archaea, algae and chloroplasts of both mono- and dicotyledons4. The γ-CAs are encoded in Archaea, bacteria and plants4,9. δ-CAs have been discovered in marine phytoplankton, such as haptophytes, dinoflagellates, diatoms and chlorophytic prasinophytes, while ζ-CAs appear to be present only in marine diatoms6. A unique η-CA has been identified to date in the protozoa Plasmodium falciparum7. θ-CAs have been recently discovered in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum10. A first specimen of ι-CAs was recently labelled from the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana8.
Correlative assays of barnacle cyprid behaviour for the laboratory evaluation of antifouling coatings: a study of surface energy components
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Nick Aldred, Caitlyn M. Gatley-Montross, Meredith Lang, Michael R. Detty, Anthony S. Clare
Barnacle larvae were obtained from stocks of B. improvisus that are maintained in semi-continuous culture at Newcastle University, UK. These stocks were originally sourced from the Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences, Tjärnö, Sweden. Adult B. improvisus were maintained in a 19 °C recirculating aquarium in brackish conditions (25 ppt) and fed daily with Artemia sp. and ad libitum with the chlorophyte Tetraselmis suecica. To collect larvae, the adult barnacles were removed from water overnight. On re-immersion, nauplius larvae were released into the water column and were collected by attraction to a light source. Nauplii (∼10,000) were transferred into 10 l buckets containing aerated ASW at a salinity of 25 ppt. Nauplii of B. improvisus were initially fed a 50:50 mixture of T. suecica and Thalassiosira pseudonana with the proportion of T. pseudonana reduced to zero by the third day of culture. The nauplii took between four and five days to metamorphose into cyprids, at which point they were collected by filtration and stored in the dark at 6 °C for three days.
Exploring benzoxaborole derivatives as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: a structural and computational analysis reveals their conformational variability as a tool to increase enzyme selectivity
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Emma Langella, Vincenzo Alterio, Katia D’Ambrosio, Roberta Cadoni, Jean-Yves Winum, Claudiu T. Supuran, Simona Maria Monti, Giuseppina De Simone, Anna Di Fiore
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes that catalyse the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and proton1,2. CAs are widespread in organisms belonging to all life kingdoms (i.e. bacteria, archaea, and eukarya) and evolved into eight distinct families, namely α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι. α-CAs are present mainly in vertebrates, fungi, protozoa, corals, algae, in the cytoplasm of green plants, and in some bacteria3. β-CAs have been found in bacteria, algae, and chloroplasts of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, as well as in many fungi and archaea4. γ-CAs have been reported in archaea, bacteria, and plants5, whereas δ- and ζ-CAs are found only in marine photosynthetic eukaryotes6–8. η- and θ-CAs have been discovered in Plasmodium species and in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, respectively9,10. Finally, the new ι-CA subclass was recently identified in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana11. All human (h) CAs belong to the α-class, with 12 catalytically active isoforms so far identified. These enzymes are extensively distributed in many tissues and organs, where they are involved in several essential physiological processes such as pH and CO2 homeostasis, respiration, transport of CO2/bicarbonate, electrolyte secretion, biosynthetic reactions, bone resorption, and calcification2,12. Consequently, their dysregulated expression level and/or abnormal enzymatic activity may be related to pathological conditions. For this reason, hCAs have been recognised as targets for the design of inhibitors or activators useful for biomedical applications1,13–15.