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Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Using Viruses
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
Recombinant DNA technology, also known as genetic engineering, is the idea that a gene or stretch of DNA from one biological source can be transferred to another source where it can be expressed in that new organism (Alberts et al. 2019; Kurreck and Stein 2016; Mukherjee 2016; Colavito 2007; Minkoff and Baker 2004). The transfer of genetic material into the new organism is a kind of genetic modification, resulting in a genetically modified organism (LabXChange 2022). The genetically modified organism (GMO) can also be called a transgenic organism, meaning that it is an organism containing a transgene or newly introduced gene (Pray 2008).
Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
While recombinant DNA technology is proving to be a useful means for producing subunit vaccines such as those described previously in general these products produce immunity only equal to that of conventional inactivated vaccines. To obtain the type of immunity that results from the prolonged antigenic stimulation associated with infection, genetically modified microbes are being produced. The vaccinia virus is a popular agent for this work. Genes programming the production of the desired antigen are inserted into the virus. The modified virus is then used as the vaccine.
Human Gene Therapy: The Initial Concepts
Published in Kenneth L. Brigham, Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Lung, 2020
On that same day, Mayor Alfred Vellucci held a formal and very emotional hearing in Cambridge, Massachusetts, into Harvard University’s request to build a P3 facility on its campus in Cambridge. Several months later, Sen. Edward Kennedy held congressional hearings on the potential hazards associated with recombinant DNA. Clearly, the safety of recombinant DNA, and the bacterial organisms that might emerge from recombinant DNA research, had become a topic of enormous public interest and concern.
Current status and prospect for future advancements of long-acting antibody formulations
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Puneet Tyagi, Garrett Harper, Patrick McGeehan, Shawn P Davis
After more than a century of exploiting small molecules as therapeutic medicines, the introduction of recombinant DNA technologies and the subsequent biologic production of recombinant proteins in the 1980s marked a new age for medicines. These so-called ‘Biologics,’ which primarily include mAbs, therapeutic proteins, and vaccines, constitute a significant portion of the therapeutic modalities being approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Nearly 30% of all drugs approved by the FDA in 2016–2021 were biologics [1]. With an ever-growing pipeline, mAbs have emerged as the dominant therapeutic biologic modality. The appeal of mAbs has long been embraced and appreciated due to the exquisite specificity and affinity mAbs offer to neutralize circulating proteins, block signaling pathways, or modulate cell-surface receptors. These benefits have resulted in therapeutic molecules that have addressed unmet medical needs that were often debilitating or life-threatening for millions of patients.
Vaccine for a neglected tropical disease Taenia solium cysticercosis: fight for eradication against all odds
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Rimanpreet Kaur, Naina Arora, Suraj S Rawat, Anand Kumar Keshri, Shubha Rani Sharma, Amit Mishra, Gagandeep Singh, Amit Prasad
The use of crude lysate for vaccination in a large scale is not a viable option as the efficacy of batch-to-batch crude lysate preparation can vary significantly and also obtaining a constant large quantity of cysticerci will itself be a major challenge. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, the use of proteins/peptides that have been recombinantly expressed and purified has become a popular choice for vaccination; due to ease of mass production and many host-protective recombinant antigens had been investigated for this purpose. Apart from this, it was also realized that for the generation of the immune response against any infection, we need only a small peptide of a large protein that interacts with the immune system and that leads to the activation and generation of the immune response. So, the peptide vaccine came into existence. The direct use of peptide confers better immunity, it is easier to synthesize, it causes less toxicity, and requires less amounts of time and cost. But very small peptides are not recognized by the immune system. A highly immunogenic antigen must have a molecular weight of 8–10 kDa so that the immune system can easily recognize them, and small antigenic peptides are injected with adjuvant or with other high immunogenic biomolecules to increase their weight and immune-visibility such as Brucella lumazine synthase (BLS) of Brucella bacterium.
Immunotoxins and nanobody-based immunotoxins: review and update
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Mohammad Reza Khirehgesh, Jafar Sharifi, Fatemeh Safari, Bahman Akbari
ITs are new tools for cancer therapy that consists of two functional components: targeting and cytotoxic moieties. In ITs design, the binding domain of the protein toxin, responsible for binding to a specific receptor, replaces with a targeting moiety, usually mAbs [17]. Therefore, non-protein toxins such as Brevetoxin B [11,25–27] and Aflatoxins [28,29] did not use in ITs construction. Up to now, four generations of ITs produced via four different approaches. The first generation of IT has been developed by attaching the native toxin to full-length mAbs through chemical methods. The ITs had some problems such as low specificity and stability, heterogeneity, reactivity to normal cells, and immunogenicity. Due to these problems, the second generation of IT has been developed. In this generation, the modified toxin, without the natural binding domain, chemically bonded to full-length mAbs. Although the specificity increased, other problems remained [11,30,31]. Third-generation produced by recombinant DNA technology. In this generation, the truncated toxins, without the natural receptor-binding domain, linked to antibody fragments by the peptide linker that led to developing recombinant ITs (RITs) [32,33]. For immunogenicity reduction of RITs, fourth-generation was developed using humanised or fully human formats of antibodies and endogenous proteins of human origin [34,35]. Numerous clinical trials and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals indicate the promising IT landscape in cancer treatment (Table 1).