China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Complications of hemodialysis access
Published in Sachinder Singh Hans, Mark F. Conrad, Vascular and Endovascular Complications, 2021
Mia Miller, Prakash Jayanthi, William Oppat
The method of true aneurysmal repair varies and usually is reserved for compromised or dysfunctional access. If the aneurysm is localized (Type 2), it may be possible to excise and directly anastomose end-to-end after mobilization. An illustration of excision of a true aneurysm is seen in Figures 29.3–29.6. One may consider plication (RITS) and interposition 8 mm grafts for more complex reconstructions, which becomes especially necessary with any skin compromise.28
Medha Rasayana Plants
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Atanu Bhattacharjee, Biplab Kumar Dey
One of the pathological hallmarks of AD is the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, which consists of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins (Prerna et al., 2010). Tau is an axonal protein which binds to microtubules and promotes their assembly and stability. Phosphorylation of tau protein is regulated by the balance between multiple kinases (e.g. glycogen synthetase kinase-3 (GSK3) and cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5)) and phosphatases (e.g. PP-1 and PP-2A). Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins leads to the destruction of microtubule-associated proteins, thereby preventing microtubule assembly and impairing axonal transport, and resulting in neuronal death (Zhang et al., 2015; Gelb, 2000; Volloch and Rits, 2018).
Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008)
Published in Krishna Dronamraju, A Century of Geneticists, 2018
Josh’s early fascination with information science led him to propose by analogy to binary units (bits) the terms “mits” for mutational units or genes, “rits” for recombinational units or genes, and “phits” for physiological units or genes. He also proposed the term “eugram” for electron mail. Josh anticipated that there would be controversy about the applications of genetic technology in medicine and introduced the term “euphenics” to contrast with eugenics, which had taken on a negative connotation. He was proposing interventions that restored the health phenotype, as distinct from interventions that altered the genotype. Joshua Lederberg not only changed the course of life science but also changed the lives of his associates. Josh did not fear to go where no one had gone before. He had the ability to see the answer to a problem, buried in a vast literature. His personal experimentation was direct and simple, but he readily entered into collaborations calling for sophisticated technology. Josh understood the theoretical and applied implications of his discoveries, and his vision extended far into the future.
Clinical development of an anti-GPC-1 antibody for the treatment of cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Saikat Ghosh, Pie Huda, Nicholas Fletcher, Douglas Campbell, Kristofer J. Thurecht, Bradley Walsh
Drug- or radionuclide-conjugated GPC-1 mAbs are by far the most frequently tested therapeutic formats. Their cancer killing potencies have been enhanced by the inclusion of a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic or lethal radiation-emitting isotope. An MMAF-conjugated anti-GPC-1 ADC was shown to be effective against cervical, ESCC, CCA, and pancreatic cancers. Whereas anti-GPC-1 mAbs conjugated to a variety of therapeutic radioisotopes successfully repressed bladder and prostate cancers. Despite their distinct advantages, both ADCs and RITs have been found to suffer from drug and radiation-resistance, respectively, in cancers that evolved novel mechanisms to evade therapy [61,62]. To help bypass these obstacles, cross-therapies (ADC therapy for radiation-resistant tumors and vice versa) or combination strategies using a multi-format therapy could be promising therapeutic approaches. Moreover, novel GPC-1 targeted ADCs and RIT agents can be directed toward indications like GBM and lung cancer which have not been explored as extensively as the others. To date, we have not found evidence of preclinical studies of GPC-1 directed therapies for the management of mesothelioma, breast, or ovarian cancers. In our opinion, use of anti-GPC-1 antibody-based therapeutics in treating these GPC-1 overexpressing cancers merits further investigation.
Myelosuppression in patients treated with 177Lutetium-lilotomab satetraxetan can be predicted with absorbed dose to the red marrow as the only variable
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
Johan Blakkisrud, Ayca Løndalen, Jostein Dahle, Anne Catrine Martinsen, Arne Kolstad, Caroline Stokke
Two RIT agents have been granted approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of refractory or relapsed low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell NHL: [131Iodine]I-tositumomab (Bexxar®) and [90Yttrium]Y-ibritumomab tiuxitan (Zevalin®) [5]. Both RITs target B-cell NHL by binding to epitopes on the CD20 antigen. The RIT agents carry two different radionuclides, 131I and 90Y. 90Y is a pure 131I is a 6]. Both treatments can also induce cytotoxic events by binding the antibody itself, besides the treatment mechanism provided by the localized radiation from the beta-emitting nuclides [5].
Immunotoxins and nanobody-based immunotoxins: review and update
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Mohammad Reza Khirehgesh, Jafar Sharifi, Fatemeh Safari, Bahman Akbari
ITs are new tools for cancer therapy that consists of two functional components: targeting and cytotoxic moieties. In ITs design, the binding domain of the protein toxin, responsible for binding to a specific receptor, replaces with a targeting moiety, usually mAbs [17]. Therefore, non-protein toxins such as Brevetoxin B [11,25–27] and Aflatoxins [28,29] did not use in ITs construction. Up to now, four generations of ITs produced via four different approaches. The first generation of IT has been developed by attaching the native toxin to full-length mAbs through chemical methods. The ITs had some problems such as low specificity and stability, heterogeneity, reactivity to normal cells, and immunogenicity. Due to these problems, the second generation of IT has been developed. In this generation, the modified toxin, without the natural binding domain, chemically bonded to full-length mAbs. Although the specificity increased, other problems remained [11,30,31]. Third-generation produced by recombinant DNA technology. In this generation, the truncated toxins, without the natural receptor-binding domain, linked to antibody fragments by the peptide linker that led to developing recombinant ITs (RITs) [32,33]. For immunogenicity reduction of RITs, fourth-generation was developed using humanised or fully human formats of antibodies and endogenous proteins of human origin [34,35]. Numerous clinical trials and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals indicate the promising IT landscape in cancer treatment (Table 1).