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Measuring and monitoring vital signs
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Electronic thermometers consist of a probe that is placed in the mouth, the axilla or the rectum, usually connected to a power supply and display unit. The purchase cost is significant, as are the ongoing costs of probe covers needed for each use. Most of these thermometers produce an auditory signal after a preset time or when maximum temperature is reached, so the user does not determine the timing.
Ultrasound Physics
Published in Debbie Peet, Emma Chung, Practical Medical Physics, 2021
Ultrasound scanners are usually equipped with a choice of probes. Each probe has been designed and optimised to visualise a particular field of view. For example, the C1–5 transducer pictured in Figure 3.5 is a 2–5 MHz (wide bandwidth) curved linear-array probe, which would have a penetration depth and field of view suitable for abdominal and obstetrics applications. Most probes also include a raised mark, or “dimple”, on the side of the probe to help guide orientation.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Published in Mansoor Khan, David Nott, Fundamentals of Frontline Surgery, 2021
Carlos Augusto M. Menegozzo, Bruno M. Pereira
POCUS has gained widespread utilisation due to its several advantages over other image gadgets. It is low-cost, does not expose patients to radiation, and yields real-time images. However, one of the main reasons why healthcare providers working in austere environments should master POCUS is its portability and accuracy as a diagnostic tool. Indeed, the development of pocket-sized ultrasound machines has revolutionised the patients’ bedside assessment. Probes are now used as an extension of physical examination by trained physicians, enhancing diagnostic accuracy without the need for further testing. By applying POCUS as an adjunct to interventional procedures, patients can be more safely managed. POCUS outperforms conventional radiographs in several life-threatening situations in terms of diagnostic accuracy, while displaying portability and procedure-guidance advantages. Computerised tomography (CT) yields better results in terms of diagnostic accuracy, although it presents several cumbersome features such as the use of ionising radiation, the need to transport patients to dedicated suites, higher costs, and greater equipment size. These features render POCUS an invaluable tool in the assessment, management, and triage of patients in remote locations.
In vivo spectroscopy: optical fiber probes for clinical applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Ajaya Kumar Barik, Sanoop Pavithran M, Jijo Lukose, Rekha Upadhya, Muralidhar V Pai, V.B. Kartha, Santhosh Chidangil
The experimental setups for fiber-optic probes-based spectroscopy fall into a wide range of configurations depending on the specific problem under investigation. The main objective in such setups is to access the sample in an in situ ‘as-is-where-is’ mode. In general, for such studies, the incidence and spectral recording systems will form one part, and the probe and associated configurational components the second part. The configurations of both parts will depend on the specific problem under investigation. Dedicated clinical applications, like bronchoscopy, colonoscopy, gastroscopy, colposcopy, etc., demand different probe designs since the technical constraints for clinical use may vary from site to site. Optimization of various parameters such as the fiber probe collection efficiency, beam steering properties of the probe, filter designing, probe flexibility, and size are to be considered for clinical applications. In addition, the probe-based optical device needs to be properly enclosed to avoid stray light interference as well as aseptic operation. Further, the device should be compact, miniaturized, and easy-to-use, for point-to-point applications.
Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Update Study (CUP Study): Report III. Analysis of Earlier Failed Probing without Endoscopy Guidance
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
Nandini Bothra, Oshin Bansal, Abhimanyu Sharma, Mohammad Javed Ali
Complex CNLDO constituted 44.5% (28/63) of all the cases. Of the complex CNLDO, diffuse NLD stenosis was contributed by 35.7% (10/28) followed by a bony obstruction in 32.1% (9/28), buried probe in 10.7% (3/28), severe atonic sacs in 10.7% (3/28), misdirected probe in 7.1% (2/28), and granuloma at the NLD opening in a single case (probably due to prior improper intervention). (Table 2). Balloon dacryoplasty was performed for five cases under direct endoscopy visualization. Monoka - Crawford stents were placed in eight cases under endoscopic guidance at the time of intervention, all of which had good outcomes. Buried probes were diagnosed with endoscopy guidance and managed successfully by probe exteriorization as per standard protocols.12 The two cases of misdirected probes were re-directed under endoscopy guidance for appropriate recanalization. The granuloma at the NLD opening was excised, followed by intubation without any recurrence. Twelve cases of bony obstruction (n = 9) and severe atonic sacs (n = 3) underwent a DCR at an average age of 88.9 months (range: 42–111 months). At a follow-up of 6-months, all the DCR patients except one (91%; 11/12) were successful. The single failed case was due to complete cicatricial closure, and the patient is scheduled for a balloon-assisted revision endoscopic DCR.
Effective early diagnosis for NSCLC: an algorithm
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Paul Zarogoulidis, Dimitris Matthaios, Christoforos Kosmidis, Wolfgang Hohenforst-Schmidt, Kosmas Tsakiridis, Sofia Mpaka, Ioannis Boukovinas, Dimitris Drougas, Vasiliki Theofilatou, Bojan Zaric, Nikolaos Courcoutsakis, George Nikolaidis, Haidong Huang, Chong Bai
The needles that are usually used with transthoracic convex probe are 18 G, the same with CT-guided biopsies. The sample is only tissue and it is stored in formole; however, 21 G and 22 G needles have both cells and small tissue fragments. The samples from these needles are stored in cytolite, and they need a special handling in order to convert the material to cell-blocks [52,53]. On the other hand, 19 G needles have more tissue sample; however, it is not possible to use them without taking additional safety risk for lesions ≤1 cm [54]. Forceps that are used through the bronchoscopy or EBUS acquire tissue samples and the material should be stored again in formole. Again, the material should be stored in cryolite. It is necessary for a center that uses the fine needle aspiration technique to have both a cytologist and a pathologist with experience in manipulating this kind of material. Figure 9 supplementary Cell blocks are sufficient for molecular investigation [55]. Figure 10 supplementary