China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Applications of tissue phenomics
Published in Gerd Binnig, Ralf Huss, Günter Schmidt, Tissue Phenomics, 2018
Johannes Zimmermann, Nathalie Harder, Brian Laffin
Additionally, the gland morphology and distribution were quantified using two-dimensional histograms, that is, co-occurrence matrices of different gland types (Harder et al., 2016). By correlating the extracted features with the known clinical outcome of patients after radical prostectomy, a group of potential phenes providing prognostic value was identified. It turned out that a low ratio of CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells to vessel density in the tight TME was correlated with tumor progression as well as a small average distance of CD68(+) macrophages to vessels in the cancer gland regions. When considering only the gland morphology and distribution, the study showed that the mixing pattern of different sizes of healthy and cancerous glands provides prognostic value for predicting tumor progression. Validation of the discovered phene candidates on additional data acquired at different sites is required as the next step and will further drive the development of prognostic and predictive tests from these findings.
Clonal groups of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and biofilm producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Iran
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Ali Qasemi, Fateh Rahimi, Mohammad Katouli
Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing are important steps in the treatment of UTIs. Identification of the genetic relationship between the members of a pathogenic bacterial population provides information about their epidemiology and plays an important role in successful antimicrobial therapy by selecting the most appropriate antibiotic [19]. Different typing methods such as repetitive extragenic palindromic elements-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), diversilab, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and Phene Plate (PhP) biochemical fingerprinting are used extensively in epidemiology of E. coli strains, and in particular UPECs [20,21].
The application of advanced imaging techniques in glaucoma
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2022
Su Ling Young, Nikhil Jain, Andrew J Tatham
Phene and colleagues conducted one of the largest studies in this area in partnership with Google Health [6]. This study developed an algorithm for detecting referrable glaucomatous optic neuropathy from color fundus photographs. The algorithm was trained using a test dataset of 86,618 retinal images and was then validated on three separate datasets to assess accuracy. The datasets which trained the algorithm were analyzed by 43 experienced ‘graders’ comprising of ophthalmologists, senior optometrists, and fellowship trained glaucoma specialists. The algorithm was also designed to try to ascertain which optic nerve head features were most strongly associated with referrable glaucomatous optic neuropathy. On one validation set, the algorithm detected referrable glaucomatous optic neuropathy with an AUC of 0.95, with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 90.2%. On a smaller subset of 411 images from the same validation set, the performance of the algorithm was contrasted with that of 10 graders. The algorithm was found to be significantly more sensitive than 7 out of the 10 graders and more specific than 3 graders with no statistical difference in specificity or sensitivity compared to other graders. On the other two validation sets the algorithm achieved AUCs of 0.855 and 0.881. A vertical cup-to-disc ratio of 0.7 or more, a neuroretinal rim notch, an RNFL defect or baring of circumlinear vessels showed the strongest correlation with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Conversely, the presence of a disc hemorrhage was not found to be significantly correlated with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The authors of this study noted several limitations namely that glaucoma diagnosis in clinic is not based on a single photograph in isolation; in real-world practice diagnosis is based on a combination of factors (history, age, race) and repeated testing over time (visual fields, OCT and optic nerve head analysis). Each validation set was comprised of different populations (UK, US and Indian) and therefore the accuracy of the algorithm among any specific ethnicity is difficult to establish. However, this does suggest it could be a more pragmatic tool as many countries have diverse populations and it would be improbable that individual healthcare professionals would use (or have access to) a different algorithm specific to each individual’s ethnicity in the clinic. The use of multimodal imaging and analysis of optic nerve head appearance over time could greatly improve future iterations. That said the study’s primary objective was to identify a reliable algorithm for identifying referable glaucomatous optic neuropathy and their findings would suggest this tool could be a very useful adjunct to healthcare professionals when deciding whether to refer or not.